Cellular vamp cleavage assay

ABSTRACT

A method for determining cleavage of a VAMP by a clostridial neurotoxin in a cell that has been contacted with the clostridial neurotoxin under conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity, the method comprising contacting the cytoplasmic content of the cell with an antibody that binds to a resulting C-terminal product of such cleavage under suitable conditions in vitro or ex vivo and detecting the binding of the antibody to the C-terminal cleavage product. The antibody may, for example, be capable of binding an antigenic polypeptide consisting of 10 to 65 amino acid residues and comprising an epitope comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of at least 8 amino acid residues that is immediately C-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site in the VAMP.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/335,358, filed Mar. 21, 2019, which is a U.S. national stage filing of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/076569, filed Oct. 18, 2017, which in turn claims the benefit of European Application No. 16194390.7, filed Oct. 18, 2016, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to cell based assays for VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxins.

BACKGROUND

Bacteria in the genus Clostridia produce highly potent and specific protein toxins, which can poison neurons and other cells to which they are delivered. Examples of such clostridial toxins include the neurotoxins produced by C. tetani (Tetanus neurotoxin) and by C. botulinum (Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A to G), as well as those produced by C. baratii and C. butyricum.

Clostridial neurotoxins act by inhibiting cholinergic transmission in the peripheral nervous system, in particular at the neuromuscular junction. In nature, clostridial neurotoxins are synthesised as a single-chain polypeptide that is modified post-translationally by a proteolytic cleavage event to form two polypeptide chains joined together by a disulphide bond. Cleavage occurs at a specific cleavage site, often referred to as the activation site, which is located between the cysteine residues that provide the inter-chain disulphide bond. It is this di-chain form that is the active form of the toxin. The two chains are termed the heavy chain (H-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa, and the light chain (L-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa. The H-chain comprises an N-terminal translocation component (H_(N) domain) and a C-terminal targeting component (H_(C) domain). The cleavage site is located between the L-chain and the H_(N) domain. Following binding of the H_(C) domain to its target neuron and internalisation of the bound toxin into the cell via an endosome, the H_(N) domain translocates the L-chain across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol, and the L-chain provides a protease function (also known as a non-cytotoxic protease).

Non-cytotoxic proteases act by proteolytically cleaving intracellular transport proteins known as SNARE proteins (e.g. SNAP25, VAMP, or syntaxin)—see Gerald K (2002) “Cell and Molecular Biology” (4th edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The acronym SNARE derives from the term Soluble NSF Attachment Receptor, where NSF means N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor. The acronym SNAP25 derives from the term Synaptosome Associated Protein of 25 kilo daltons. The acronym VAMP derives from the term Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein. SNARE proteins are integral to intracellular vesicle fusion, and thus to secretion of molecules via vesicle transport from a cell. The protease function is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase activity and exhibits high substrate specificity for SNARE proteins. Accordingly, once delivered to a desired target cell, the non-cytotoxic protease is capable of inhibiting cellular secretion from the target cell. The L-chain proteases of clostridial neurotoxins are non-cytotoxic proteases that cleave SNARE proteins. The L-chain proteases of BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X and TeNT cleave VAMPs (also referred to as synaptobrevins), the L-chain proteases of BoNT/A and BoNT/E cleave SNAP25 and the L-chain protease of BoNT/C cleaves both SNAP25 and syntaxin, which result in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release and consequent neuroparalysis (Rossetto, O. et al., “Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 12.8 (2014): 535-549) (Zhang et al., “Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin”; Nature Communications, 2017, 8:14130).

Clostridial neurotoxins target and enter neurons by binding to their specific receptors through their receptor binding domains (H_(C)), which are well-defined in the literature (Schiavo, G., Matteoli, M. & Montecucco, C. Neurotoxins affecting neuroexocytosis, Physiol Rev, 2000, 80, 717-766). Receptor binding dictates the efficacy and specificity of BoNTs to recognize neurons. BoNT/B, D-C, and G share two homologous synaptic vesicle proteins synaptotagmin I and II (Syt I/II) as their receptors, while BoNT/A, E, D, F and TeNT use another synaptic vesicle protein SV2. In addition to protein receptors, all BoNTs require lipid co-receptor gangliosides, which are abundant on neuronal surfaces.

Clostridial neurotoxins are used in therapy to treat motor and autonomic disorders. Several BoNT/A products (including Botox®, Dysport® and Xeomin®) and one BoNT/B product (Neurobloc®/Myobloc®) are approved by regulatory agencies for use in humans.

Traditionally, the potency of BoNT pharmaceutical products has been quantified in MLD50 (mouse lethal dose 50) units, one unit corresponding to the median lethal intraperitoneal dose in mice. However, the MLD50 unit for botulinum toxins is not a standardised unit. Indeed, assays used by different manufacturers of marketed toxins differ in particular in the choice of dilution buffer (Straughan, D. W., 2006, ATLA 34(3), 305-313; Hambleton and Pickett, Hambleton, P., and A. M. Pickett., 1994, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87.11: 719). In addition, because of ethical concerns and recent regulations, it is now preferable to avoid the use of animal based potency assays. Cell-based potency assays avoid the requirement for animal testing and related ethical concerns. Following cellular intoxication, the potency of a clostridial neurotoxin can be measured by assessing the degree of SNARE cleavage within the target cell, for example by Western blotting. Alternatively, SNARE cleavage can be detected and quantified using a sandwich ELISA method. Such methods work well for SNAP25 and syntaxin cleavage (see eg. Pellett, Sabine, et al. “Comparison of the primary rat spinal cord cell (RSC) assay and the mouse bioassay for botulinum neurotoxin type A potency determination.” Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods 61.3 (2010):304-310; Fernández-Salas, Ester, et al. “Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A specific cell-based potency assay to replace the mouse bioassay.” PLoS One 7.11 (2012): e49516; Kalandakanond S et al. “Cleavage of intracellular substrates of botulinum toxins A, C and D in mammalian target tissue” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2001):749-755; Peng L et al. “Cytotoxicity of botulinum neurotoxins reveals a direct role of syntaxin 1 and SNAP25 in neuron survival.” Nature Communications (2013): 4:1472). However, to date the cleavage product for VAMPs from cellular lysates has proved extremely difficult to detect. Indeed, although VAMP cleavage-specific antibodies that recognise cleaved VAMP are available and suitable for detection of VAMP cleavage in extracellular or cell fraction assays (Hallis, Bassam, B. A. James, and Clifford C. Shone. “Development of novel assays for botulinum type A and B neurotoxins based on their endopeptidase activities.” Journal of clinical microbiology 34.8 (1996): 1934-1938; Kegel, B., et al. “An in vitro assay for detection of tetanus neurotoxin activity: Using antibodies for recognizing the proteolytically generated cleavage product.” Toxicology in Vitro 21.8 (2007): 1641-1649; Fujita-Yoshigaki, Junko, et al. “Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein 2 Is Essential for cAMP-regulated Exocytosis in Rat Parotid Acinar Cells The Inhibition of cAMP-dependent Amylase Release by Botulinum Neurotoxin B.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 271.22 (1996): 13130-13134), these antibodies do not detect cleaved VAMP in cellular studies.

The general consensus in the field was so far that the cleaved VAMP product must be degraded very quickly in the cell and therefore does not contribute to the longevity of BoNT action (Foran, Patrick G., et al. “Evaluation of the Therapeutic Usefulness of Botulinum Neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F Compared with the Long Lasting Type A Basis for Distinct Durations of Inhibition of Exocytosis in Central Neurons.” Journal of biological chemistry 278.2 (2003): 1363-1371). However, Schiavo et al. have shown both VAMP cleavage products are present in small synaptic vesicle fractions prepared from rat cerebral cortex when treated with BoNT/B and TeNT using Coomassie blue staining (Schiavo G., et al (1992), Tetanus and Botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359 p832-835). This suggests VAMP products from a cellular source can be present, although the synaptosome preparation may well not contain all the proteases present in a total cell lysate. Dong et al (2004) describe that in PC12 cells expressing YFP-Syb(FL)-CFP, signals from both VAMP products are detectable after cleavage by BoNT/B, and that the YFP-N-terminal cleaved VAMP product disperses into the cytosol and redistributes itself to the nucleus, whereas the CFP-C-terminal product remains localised to the vesicle (Dong M., et al (2004) Using fluorescent sensors to detect botulinum neurotoxin activity in vitro and in living cells. PNAS 101 (41) p14701-14706). This evidence suggests both VAMP products could be present, but as yet unknown cellular processes are hampering the recognition of an antibody to the N-terminal product. It is therefore standard practice to measure VAMP cleavage by disappearance of the full-length band only (see eg. Pellett, Sabine, et al. “A neuronal cell-based botulinum neurotoxin assay for highly sensitive and specific detection of neutralizing serum antibodies.” FEBS letters 581.25 (2007): 4803-4808.; Whitemarsh, Regina C M, et al. “Novel application of human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for highly sensitive botulinum neurotoxin detection Biological Sciences: Applied Biological Sciences.” Toxicological Sciences, 2012, 126(2):426-435). However, assays based on the loss of a signal convey a risk of error as there may be discrepancies in total protein loading which would then cause either an over- or under-estimation of VAMP disappearance. A house keeping protein that is unchanged during BoNT treatment can be used to normalise VAMP disappearance to the density of the control protein. The disadvantage here is that the signal between the antibodies needs to be matched and in the linear scale in order to detect any differences for normalisation purposes. Although qualitatively this may be a reasonable indication of BoNT activity, it is not suitable for more detailed quantification and in particular for determining the potency of pharmaceutical BoNT formulations.

There is thus a need for cellular VAMP cleavage assays based on a gain of signal readout.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention provides an antigenic polypeptide comprising a VAMP epitope, wherein said antigenic polypeptide consists of 10 to 65 amino acid residues, wherein said VAMP epitope comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% identical to a VAMP sequence comprising at least 8 amino acid residues which are immediately C-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site in said VAMP.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a polypeptide comprising the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a region of greater than 17, preferably 16, more preferably 15 consecutive amino acids having 100% sequence identity to a naturally-occurring VAMP amino acid sequence.

In another aspect, the invention provides an antigenic protein comprising a polypeptide according to the invention covalently linked to a carrier.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an antigenic polypeptide or protein according to the invention, to generate antibodies against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. In one embodiment, the epitope of the invention is used to generate a polyclonal antibody against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. In another embodiment, the epitope of the invention is used to generate a monoclonal antibody against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product.

In another aspect, the invention provides an antibody that binds to an antigenic polypeptide or protein of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an antibody according to the invention in a gain of signal cellular assay for VAMP cleavage by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for determining cleavage of VAMP by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a cell, comprising:

-   -   a) contacting the cell with the clostridial neurotoxin under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   b) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention; and     -   c) detecting by a suitable means the binding of said first         detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for determining immunoresistance to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a subject, comprising:

-   -   a) adding a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin to a test         sample obtained from the subject;     -   b) contacting a cell with the test sample of step a) under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   c) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention;     -   d) detecting by a suitable means the binding of the first         detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product;     -   e) quantifying the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product bound to the first detection antibody;     -   f) repeating steps a) to e) with a negative control sample         instead of a test sample; and     -   g) comparing the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         bound to said first detection antibody in steps (e) and (f),         wherein detection of a lower amount of the C-terminal VAMP         cleavage product bound to said first detection antibody in         step (e) relative to the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product bound to said first detection antibody in step (f) is         indicative of the presence of neutralizing antibodies against         the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a cell which is susceptible to intoxication by a VAMP cleaving neurotoxin; and a first detection antibody against cleaved VAMP, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody according to the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1—VAMP sequences with clostridial neurotoxin cleavages sites. FIG. 1A depicts human and rat VAMP1, VAMP2 and VAMP3 sequences with BoNT/F5 and BoNT/FA, BoNT/F, BoNT/D and BoNT/DC, BoNT/B, BoNT/G, TeNT and BoNT/X cleavage sites. FIG. 1B depicts human and rat VAMP4, VAMP5 and YKT6 sequences with BoNT/X cleavage sites.

FIG. 2—VAMP sequences with Ab epitopes (i e immunogenic epitope regions) and BoNT/F, BoNT/D and BoN/B cleavages sites. The sequences for human and rat VAMP1, VAMP2 and VAMP3 are shown for comparison. Rat and human VAMP2 sequences are identical in the epitope regions selected. The cleavage sites are indicated by arrows: the VAMP2 cleavage points for BoNT/F and BoNT/D are located on adjacent amino acids, Q58-K59 and K59-L60 respectively, while the cleavage point for BoNT/B is located on amino acids Q76-F77 (based on human VAMP2 sequence amino acid position).

FIG. 3—Cell-free cleavage of recombinant VAMP2-GFP with MBP-LF and LH_(N)D. Recombinant VAMP2-GFP was incubated with 0.01 μg/μl LH_(N)D or MBP-LF for 1 hr at 37° C. Equal volumes of sample buffer were added and 0.5 μg (Coomassie) and 0.3 μg (blots) protein run via SDS-PAGE and either stained with Coomassie (FIG. 3A) or blotted with anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2, and anti-Pep3 (FIG. 3B) or ab3347 and ab181869 (FIG. 3C). The cartoon indicates the location of the antibody epitopes. The representation of the recombinant protein and the line length of the epitopes are not to scale. 1—BSA, 2—VAMP2-GFP, 3—Cleaved VAMP2-GFP (aa59/60-end), 4—Cleaved VAMP2-GFP (aa1-58/59).

FIG. 4—In vitro VAMP cleavage after BoNT/F and BoNT/D treatment. Rat cortical neurons grown in 96 well plates until DIV18-21 were treated for 24 hours with either BoNT/F or BoNT/D. Lysates were run via SDS-PAGE and blotted with the custom-made anti-VAMP2 antibodies: anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2 or anti-Pep3, or with the commercial antibody ab181869. FIGS. 4A-D depict Western blots performed on gels containing lysate from cells treated with BoNT/B and blotted, respectively, with anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2 or anti-Pep3, or ab181869. FIGS. 4E-H depict Western blots performed on gels containing lysate from cells treated with BoNT/D and blotted, respectively, with anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2 or anti-Pep3, or ab181869. 1—full-length VAMP2, 2—cleaved VAMP2. The anti-pep 2 data show the dose dependent disappearance of full-length VAMP2 and the appearance of the lower molecular weight cleaved fragment. Both band signals were used to quantify the dose dependent percentage of VAMP2 cleavage by BoNT/F (FIG. 4I) and BoNT/D (FIG. 4J).

FIG. 5—Rat cortical neurons were treated with natural BoNT/F1, natural BoNT/A1 or recombinant BoNT/FA for 24 hours. Cell were lysed, run on SDS-PAGE and blotted for VAMP-2 or SNAP-25 cleavage. (FIG. 5A. BoNT/F1 (□), natural BoNT/A1 (●) or recombinant BoNT/FA (Δ).) Percent SNARE cleavage was determined from the ratio of full-length to cleaved protein by densitometric analysis. Data were fitted using a four-parameter logistic equation and the concentration of BoNT required for 50% maximal SNARE cleavage (pEC50) determined. (FIG. 5B. BoNT/F1 (□), natural BoNT/A1 (●) or recombinant BoNT/FA (Δ).) FIG. 5C is chart showing the pEC50 values. Data are mean±s.e.m. (n=3 (BoNT/F1 and BoNT/A1) or 4 (BoNT/FA) independent experiments in triplicate).

FIG. 6—in vitro VAMP cleavage after BoNT/B and BoNT/F treatment. Rat cortical neurons grown until DIV18-21 were treated for 24 hours with either BoNT/F or BoNT/B. Lysates were run via SDS-PAGE and blotted with a new custom-made anti-VAMP2 antibody (anti-Pep4), a BoNT/B cleavage-specific anti-VAMP2 antibody or anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2 or anti-Pep3 antibodies. FIGS. 6A-E depict Western blots performed on gels containing lysate from cells treated with BoNT/B or BoNT/F and blotted, respectively, with anti-Pep4, the BoNT/B cleavage-specific anti-VAMP2 antibody, anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2, or anti-Pep3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on a finding by the inventors that it was possible to generate antibodies suitable for use in a cellular VAMP cleavage assay based on a gain of signal readout.

In particular, the inventors have shown that, in order to detect VAMP cleavage in vitro, it is key to detect epitopes located on the C-terminal side of BoNT cleavage site. Indeed, the inventors have demonstrated herein the successful detection of a neuronal VAMP2 cleavage product by Western Blot (WB) using antibodies binding epitopes located on the C-terminal side of the BoNT/F and/or BoNT/D and/or BoNT/B cleavage sites, which are adjacent to the BoNT/D and/or BoNT/F and/or BoNT/B cleavage sites. In particular, such antibodies are capable of detecting both full-length VAMP and the cleaved product in a cell lysate. This tool enables the quantitative assessment of the potency of BoNT in a gain of signal cellular assay by monitoring the appearance of the cleaved VAMP product.

In a first aspect, the invention provides an antigenic polypeptide comprising a VAMP epitope, wherein said antigenic polypeptide consists of 10 to 65 amino acid residues, wherein said VAMP epitope comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% identical to a VAMP sequence comprising at least 8 amino acid residues which are immediately C-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site in said VAMP.

The term “clostridial neurotoxin” as used herein means any polypeptide that enters a neuron and inhibits neurotransmitter release. This process encompasses the binding of the neurotoxin to a low or high affinity receptor, the internalisation of the neurotoxin, the translocation of the endopeptidase portion of the neurotoxin into the cytoplasm and the enzymatic modification of the neurotoxin substrate. More specifically, the term “clostridial neurotoxin” encompasses any polypeptide produced by Clostridium bacteria that enters a neuron and inhibits neurotransmitter release, and such polypeptides produced by recombinant technologies or chemical techniques. It is the di-chain form that is the active form of the neurotoxin. The two chains are termed the heavy chain (H-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa, and the light chain (L-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa. Clostridial neurotoxins include botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). BoNT serotypes A to G can be distinguished based on inactivation by specific neutralising anti-sera, with such classification by serotype correlating with percentage sequence identity at the amino acid level. BoNT proteins of a given serotype are further divided into different subtypes on the basis of amino acid percentage sequence identity.

An example of a BoNT/A neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 1 (UniProt accession number A5HZZ9). An example of a BoNT/B neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 2 (UniProt accession number B1INP5). An example of a BoNT/C neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 3 (UniProt accession number P18640). An example of a BoNT/D neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 4 (UniProt accession number P19321). An example of a BoNT/E neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 5 (NCBI RefSeq accession number WP_003372387). An example of a BoNT/F neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 6 (UniProt accession number Q57236). An example of a BoNT/G neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 7 (NCBI RefSeq accession number WP_039635782). An example of a BoNT/X neurotoxin amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 41 (Genbank accession number BAQ12790.1). An example of a TeNT amino acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 8 (UniProt accession number P04958).

The term “H_(C) domain” as used herein means a functionally distinct region of the neurotoxin heavy chain with a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa that enables the binding of the neurotoxin to a receptor located on the surface of the target cell. The H_(C) domain consists of two structurally distinct subdomains, the “H_(CN) subdomain” (N-terminal part of the H_(C) domain) and the “H_(CC) subdomain” (C-terminal part of the H_(C) domain), each of which has a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa.

The term “LH_(N) domain” as used herein means a neurotoxin that is devoid of the H_(C) domain and consists of an endopeptidase domain (“L” or “light chain”) and the domain responsible for translocation of the endopeptidase into the cytoplasm (H_(N) domain of the heavy chain).

Exemplary L, H_(N), H_(CN) and H_(CC) domains are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 Exemplary L, H_(N), H_(CN) and H_(CC) domains Clostridial Accession SEQ ID neurotoxin Number NO L H_(N) H_(CN) H_(CC) BoNT/A1 A5HZZ9 1 1-448 449-872 873-1094 1095-1296 BoNT/B1 B1INP5 2 1-441 442-859 860-1081 1082-1291 BoNT/C1 P18640 3 1-449 450-867 868-1095 1096-1291 BoNT/D P19321 4 1-442 443-863 864-1082 1083-1276 BoNT/E1 WP_003372387 5 1-423 424-846 847-1069 1070-1252 BoNT/F1 Q57236 6 1-439 440-865 866-1087 1088-1278 BoNT/G WP_039635782 7 1-446 447-864 865-1089 1090-1297 BoNT/X BAQ12790.1 41 1-439 440-891 892-1105 1106-1306 TeNT P04958 8 1-456 457-880 881-1111 1112-1315

The above-identified reference sequences should be considered a guide, as slight variations may occur according to sub-serotypes. By way of example, US 2007/0166332 (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) cites slightly different clostridial sequences.

Vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) are a family of SNARE proteins which have a similar structure and are involved in vesicle fusion and exocytosis, in particular neurotransmitter release. VAMPs are members of a family of SNARE proteins, which is called the Synaptobrevin family and includes members such as VAMP1, VAMP2 (both also known as synaptobrevins), VAMP3 (also known as cellubrevin), VAMP4, VAMP5, VAMP7 (also known as SYBL1, or tetanus-insensitive VAMP), VAMP8 (also known as endobrevin), YKT6, SEC22A and others. VAMP1, VAMP2 and VAMP3 are cleaved by the light chains of BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X and TeNT. BoNT/X also cleaves VAMP4, VAMP5 and YKT6.

The term “VAMP epitope” as used herein means a portion of a VAMP protein to which an antibody binds.

In a preferred embodiment, the antigenic polypeptide of the invention consists of 10 to 65, 10 to 60, 10 to 55, 10 to 50, 10 to 45, 10 to 40, 10 to 35, 10 to 30, 10 to 25, 10 to 20, 10 to 19, 10 to 18, 10 to 17, 10 to 16 or 10 to 15 amino acid residues, preferably 10 to 15 amino acid residues. For example, the antigenic polypeptide of the invention may consist of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 or 65 amino acid residues.

In a preferred embodiment, the antigenic polypeptide of the invention comprises, or consists of, a VAMP epitope which comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a VAMP sequence comprising at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 amino acid residues which are immediately C-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site in said VAMP.

Amino acid sequences of naturally-occurring VAMPs, in particular rat and human VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5 and YKT6, and their corresponding clostridial neurotoxin VAMP cleavage sites are shown in table 2 and FIGS. 1A-B.

TABLE 2 Clostridial neurotoxin VAMP cleavage sites SEQ ID BoNT/F5 & Other BoNT/D & BoNT/B & VAMP NO BoNT/FA BoNT/F BoNT/DC TeNT BoNT/G BoNT/X VAMP1_Rat 9 Leu56-Glu57 Gln60-Lys61 Lys61-Leu62 Not cleaved Ala83-Ala84 Arg68-Ala69 (Q63666) VAMP1_human 10 Leu56-Glu57 Gln60-Lys61 Lys61-Leu62 Gln78-Phe79 Ala83-Ala84 Arg68-Ala69 (P23763) VAMP2_Rat 11 Leu54-Glu55 Gln58-Lys59 Lys59-Leu60 Gln76-Phe77 Ala81-Ala82 Arg66-Ala67 (P63045) VAMP2_human 12 Leu54-Glu55 Gln58-Lys59 Lys59-Leu60 Gln76-Phe77 Ala81-Ala82 Arg66-Ala67 (P63027) VAMP3_Rat 13 Leu41-Glu42 Gln45-Lys46 Lys46-Leu47 Gln63-Phe64 Ala68-Ala69 Arg53-Ala54 (P63025) VAMP3_human 14 Leu37-Glu38 Gln41-Lys42 Lys42-Leu43 Gln59-Phe60 Ala64-Ala65 Arg49-Ala50 (Q15836) VAMP4_Rat 42 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Lys87-Ser88 (D4A560) VAMP4_human 43 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Lys87-Ser88 (O75379) VAMP5_Rat 44 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Arg40-Ser41 (Q9Z2J5) VAMP5_human 45 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Arg40-Ser41 (O95183) YKT6_Rat 46 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Lys173-Ser174 (Q5EGY4) YKT6_human 47 Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Not cleaved Lys173-Ser174 (O15498)

In one embodiment, the VAMP is selected from VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, and/or YKT6.

In one embodiment, the VAMP is selected from VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3.

In one embodiment, the VAMP is selected from VAMP4, VAMP5 and/or YKT6.

In a preferred embodiment, the VAMP is a human VAMP, more preferably, a human VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, and/or YKT6.

In one embodiment, the VAMP is selected from a human VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3.

In one embodiment, the VAMP is selected from a human VAMP4, VAMP5 and/or YKT6.

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/F cleaved VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/F cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/F VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/F VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 15) KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 16) QKLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 17) KLSELDDRAD (SEQ ID NO: 18) KLSELDDRADALQAGAS (SEQ ID NO: 31) DQKLSELDDRADALQ.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/F VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/F VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 15 to SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 31. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/F VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 15). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/F VAMP epitope comprises or consists of KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 15).

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/D VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/D cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/D VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/D VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 15) KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 19) LSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 20) LSELDDRADA (SEQ ID NO: 21) LSELDDRADALQAGAS.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/D VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/D VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO: 19 to SEQ ID NO: 21. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/D VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO:15). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/D VAMP epitope comprises or consists of KLSELDDRADALQ (SEQ ID NO: 15).

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA cleaved VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 32) ERDQKLSELDDRA (SEQ ID NO: 33) LERDQKLSELDDRA (SEQ ID NO: 34) VLERDQKLSELDDRA.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 32 to SEQ ID NO: 34. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to ERDQKLSELDDRA (SEQ ID NO: 32). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/F5 or BoNT/FA VAMP epitope comprises or consists of ERDQKLSELDDRA (SEQ ID NO: 32).

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/B or TeNT cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 22) FETSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 23) FESSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 24) QFETSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 25) FETSAAKLKR (SEQ ID NO: 26) FETSAAKLKRKYWWKN (SEQ ID NO: 48) ETSAAKLKRKYWWK (SEQ ID NO: 49) FETSAAKLKRKYWWK (SEQ ID NO: 50) QFESSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 51) FESSAAKLKR (SEQ ID NO: 52) FESSAAKLKRKYWWK.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 22 to SEQ ID NO: 26, and SEQ ID NO: 48 to SEQ ID NO: 52. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to FETSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 22) or FETSAAKLKRKYWWK (SEQ ID NO: 49). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/B or TeNT VAMP epitope comprises or consists of FETSAAKLKRKYW (SEQ ID NO: 22) or FETSAAKLKRKYWWK (SEQ ID NO: 49). Surprisingly, antibodies binding the latter epitope allow not only the detection of BoNT/B VAMP cleavage, but also of BoNT/F VAMP cleavage.

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/G VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/G cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/G VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/G, VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 27) AKLKRKYWWKN (SEQ ID NO: 28) AAKLKRKYWWKN (SEQ ID NO: 29) AKLKRKYWWKNCKM (SEQ ID NO: 30) AKLKRKYWWKNLKM.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/G VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/G VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 27 to SEQ ID NO: 30. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/G VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to AKLKRKYWWKN (SEQ ID NO: 27). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/G VAMP epitope comprises or consists of AKLKRKYWWKN (SEQ ID NO: 27).

In one embodiment of the antigenic polypeptide of the invention, the VAMP epitope is a BoNT/X VAMP epitope wherein the at least 8 amino acid residues are immediately C-terminal to a BoNT/X cleavage site in the VAMP.

Examples of BoNT/X VAMP epitopes, more particularly BoNT/X VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 53) ADALQAGASQF (SEQ ID NO: 54) ADALQAGASQ (SEQ ID NO: 55) RADALQAGASQF (SEQ ID NO: 56) ADALQAGASQFE (SEQ ID NO: 57) ADALQAGASVF (SEQ ID NO: 58) ADALQAGASV (SEQ ID NO: 59) ADALQAGASVFE (SEQ ID NO: 60) RADALQAGASVF (SEQ ID NO: 61) RADALQAGAS.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/X VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 53 to SEQ ID NO: 61. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to ADALQAGASQF (SEQ ID NO: 53). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of ADALQAGASQF (SEQ ID NO: 53).

Other examples of BoNT/X VAMP epitopes, and more particularly BoNT/X VAMP4 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 62) SESLSDNATAF (SEQ ID NO: 63) SESLSDNATA (SEQ ID NO: 64) KSESLSDNATAF (SEQ ID NO: 65) SESLSDNATAFS.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/X VAMP4 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 62 to SEQ ID NO: 65. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to SESLSDNATAF (SEQ ID NO: 62). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of SESLSDNATAF (SEQ ID NO: 62).

Other examples of BoNT/X VAMP epitopes, and more particularly BoNT/X VAMP5 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 66) SDQLLDMSSTF (SEQ ID NO: 67) SDQLLDMSST (SEQ ID NO: 68) RSDQLLDMSSTF (SEQ ID NO: 69) SDQLLDMSSTFN (SEQ ID NO: 70) SDQLLDMSSAF (SEQ ID NO: 71) SDQLLDMSSA (SEQ ID NO: 72) RSDQLLDMSSAF (SEQ ID NO: 73) SDQLLDMSSAFS (SEQ ID NO: 74) RSDQLLDMSS.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/X VAMP5 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 66 to SEQ ID NO: 74. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to SDQLLDMSSTF (SEQ ID NO: 66). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of SDQLLDMSSTF (SEQ ID NO: 66).

Other examples of BoNT/X VAMP epitopes, and more particularly BoNT/X YKT6 epitopes, include:

(SEQ ID NO: 75) SEVLGTQSKAF (SEQ ID NO: 76) SEVLGTQSKA (SEQ ID NO: 77) KSEVLGTQSKAF (SEQ ID NO: 78) SEVLGTQSKAFY.

In one embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope, in particular a BoNT/X YKT6 epitope, comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to a sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO: 75 to SEQ ID NO: 78. In a preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or is 100% identical to SEVLGTQSKAF (SEQ ID NO: 75). In a more preferred embodiment, a BoNT/X VAMP epitope comprises or consists of SEVLGTQSKAF (SEQ ID NO: 75).

Herein, the “percent sequence identity” between two or more nucleic acid or amino acid sequences is a function of the number of identical nucleotides or amino acids at identical positions shared by the aligned sequences. Thus, % identity may be calculated as the number of identical nucleotides or amino acids at each position in an alignment divided by the total number of nucleotides or amino acids in the aligned sequence, multiplied by 100. Calculations of % sequence identity may also take into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap that needs to be introduced to optimize alignment of two or more sequences. Sequence comparisons and the determination of percent identity between two or more sequences can be carried out using specific mathematical algorithms, which will be familiar to a skilled person, for example a global alignment mathematical algorithm (such as described by Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48(3), 443-453, 1972).

In another aspect, the invention relates to a polypeptide comprising an antigenic polypeptide according to the invention, wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a region of greater than 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, preferably 16, more preferably 15, consecutive amino acids having 100% sequence identity to a naturally-occurring VAMP amino acid sequence. The skilled person in the art would readily understand that such polypeptide is also antigenic.

In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide comprises a covalent linker, preferably in its N-terminus and/or in C-terminus. Examples of covalent linkers that are suitable according to the invention are provided below.

In another aspect, the invention provides an antigenic protein comprising a polypeptide according to the invention covalently linked to a carrier.

Preferably, the carrier is a non-immunogenic or weakly immunogenic protein. Examples of suitable carriers include keyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH), ovalbumin (OVA), thyroglobulin (THY), bovine serum albumin (BSA), soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) or a multiple attachment peptide (MAP).

In one embodiment, the antigenic protein comprises a covalent linker between the polypeptide of the invention (which may already comprise the linker, as indicated above) and the carrier. Said linker can be one or more amino acids, natural or unnatural, which, as well-known in the art, can form covalent bonds with other amino acids (of the polypeptide and/or carrier) due to the presence of reactive groups present in their N-terminus, C-terminus and/or side chains. Notably, an amino acid having a primary amine group (—NH2) in N-terminus and/or side chain (such as lysine) can react with an amino acid having a carboxyl (—COOH) group in C-terminus and/or side chain (such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid) to form a covalent bond; an amino acid having a sulfhydryl (—SH) group in side chain (such as cysteine or selenocysteine) can react with an amino acid having a sulfhydryl (—SH) group in side chain (such as cysteine or selenocysteine) to form a covalent bond. For example, the covalent linker can be a cysteine added in C-terminus or N-terminus of the polypeptide of the invention, said cysteine forming a disulphide bridge with another cysteine added or present in the carrier. The covalent linker may alternatively, or in addition, be in the form of several amino acids forming a spacer, for example the linker can be a peptide comprising non-charged amino acids with small side-chain R groups, such as, e.g., glycine, alanine, valine, leucine or serine. Examples of suitable spacers of the invention include G-spacers such as GGG, GGGG and GGGGS or A-spacers such as AAA, AAAA and AAAAV. In one embodiment, the linker consists of about 1 to about 30 amino acid residues, preferably about 2 to about 25 amino acid residues, more preferably about 3 to about 20 amino acid residues, for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acid residues.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an antigenic polypeptide or protein according to the invention to generate antibodies against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. In one embodiment, the epitope of the invention is used to generate a polyclonal antibody against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. In another embodiment, the epitope of the invention is used to generate a monoclonal antibody against a C-terminal VAMP cleavage product.

Methods for generating antibodies are well known in the art, see eg. Greenfield, Edward A., ed. Antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2014; Leenaars, Marlies, and Coenraad F M Hendriksen. “Critical steps in the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies: evaluation and recommendations.” Ilar Journal 46.3 (2005): 269-279.

Polyclonal antibodies that bind to a VAMP epitope as described herein can be produced by injecting an animal, e.g. a mammal such as a rabbit, a goat, a mouse, a hamster or a monkey, or an egg, such as a chicken egg, with an antigenic polypeptide or protein of the invention. Polyclonal antibodies for a VAMP epitope as disclosed herein can be isolated from the animal (e.g. from the blood) or egg and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein affinity chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction, or by affinity purification against the VAMP epitope used for producing the antibodies. Several contract research organisations provide custom antibody generation services, for example the company Eurogentec provides a “Speedy 28-day programme” in which they immunise day 0, and then have 3 booster injections day 7, 10 and 18. Medium bleed day 21 and final bleed day 28. This is one example of the general technique of polyclonal antibody production which is well known in the art.

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to a VAMP epitope as described herein can be produced using a hybridoma method. See e.g., Chapter 7, Greenfield, Edward A., ed. Antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2014. Briefly, a host animal, e.g. a mammal such as a rabbit, a goat, a mouse, a hamster or a monkey, is exposed to one or more injections of an antigenic polypeptide or protein of the invention to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to a cleaved VAMP. The antibody titer in the immunized animal can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Alternatively, the lymphocytes can be immunized in vitro using a suitable cell culture line. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells are isolated from the animal. Generally, either peripheral blood lymphocytes are used, if cells of human origin are desired, or spleen cells or lymph node cells are used, if non-human mammalian sources are desired. The isolated antibody-producing cells are fused with an immortal cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell Immortalized cell lines are usually transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma cells of rodent, bovine and human origin. Typically, a murine myeloma cell line is fused with splenocytes harvested from an appropriately immunized mouse to produce the hybridoma. Preferred immortal cell lines are mouse myeloma cell lines that are sensitive to culture medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT). Any of a number of myeloma cell lines can be used as a fusion partner according to standard techniques, e.g., the P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1, P3-x63-Ag8.653 or Sp2/O-Ag14 myeloma lines. Hybridoma cells resulting from the fusion are then selected using HAT medium, which kills unfused and unproductively fused myeloma cells (unfused splenocytes die after several days in culture because they are not transformed). The culture medium in which the hybridoma cells are grown can then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies that bind a VAMP epitope as described herein. For example, hybridoma supernatants can be screened using a cleaved VAMP positive media in an immunoprecipitation assay, in vitro binding assay, such as, e.g., a radioimmunoassay (RIA) or an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), or in a cell-based activity assay. The binding affinity of a monoclonal antibody can also be determined, e.g., by Scatchard analysis. See, e.g., Peter J. Munson and David Rodbard, Ligand: A Versatile Computerized Approach For Characterization of Ligand-Binding Systems, 107(1) Anal. Biochem. 220-239 (1980). After the desired hybridoma cells are identified, limiting dilution procedures are used to isolate clones originating from a single cell until a clonal cell line expressing the desired monoclonal antibody is obtained. Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies that bind a VAMP epitope as described herein can be produced by screening a recombinant combinatorial immunoglobulin library, such as, e.g., an antibody phage display library, with an antigenic polypeptide, protein or peptide of the invention. Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries are commercially available, such as, e.g., the Recombinant Phage Antibody System (Amersham GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.); and the SurfZAP™ Phage Display Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Additionally, examples of methods and reagents useful in generating and screening antibody display library can be found in, for example, Ladner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Borrebaeck et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,089; Griffiths et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,793; Griffiths et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,255; McCafferty et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,108; Griffiths et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,884; Jespers et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,732; Borrebaeck et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,930; Johnson et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,471; McCafferty et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,197, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In another aspect, the invention provides an antibody that binds to an antigenic polypeptide or protein of the invention.

In one embodiment, the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.

In one embodiment, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

Binding affinity between the antibody and the antigenic polypeptide or protein can be assessed by determining the equilibrium dissociation constant (K_(D)) which measures the rate at which new antibody-antigen complexes formed equals the rate at which antibody-antigen complexes dissociate at equilibrium. The equilibrium dissociation constant is expressed in M, and is defined by the Kd/Ka ratio at equilibrium, where Ka is the antibody's association rate constant and Kd is the antibody's dissociation rate constant. K_(D)=[Ab]×[Ag]/[Ab+Ag], where [Ab] is the molar concentration of the antibody, [Ag] is the molar concentration of the antigen, and [Ab+Ag] is the of molar concentration of the antibody-antigen complex, where all concentrations are of such components when the system is at equilibrium. The smaller the equilibrium dissociation constant, the more tightly bound the antibody is to its antigen, or the higher the binding affinity between antibody and antigen.

In a one embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein epitope is lower than 10⁻⁶ M. In a preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻⁷ M. In a more preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻⁸ M. In a more preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻⁹ M. In a more preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻¹⁰ M. In a more preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻¹¹ M. In a more preferred embodiment, the K_(D) between the antibody of the invention and the antigenic polypeptide or protein is lower than 10⁻¹² M.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an antibody according to the invention in a gain of signal cellular assay for VAMP cleavage by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In one embodiment, the use is an in vitro or an ex vivo use.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for determining cleavage of VAMP by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a cell, comprising:

-   -   a) contacting the cell with the clostridial neurotoxin under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   b) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention; and     -   c) detecting by a suitable means the binding of said first         detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product.

In one embodiment, the method according to the invention, further comprises d) quantifying by a suitable means the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to said first detection antibody.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, step b) comprises contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a second detection antibody against full-length VAMP under conditions suitable for the binding of said second detection antibody to full-length VAMP; step c) comprises detecting by a suitable means the binding of the second detection antibody to full-length VAMP, and step d) comprises quantifying by a suitable means the amount of full-length VAMP bound to said second detection antibody.

In one embodiment, the method is an in vitro or an ex vivo method.

It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that an increase in the amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to the first antibody and/or a decrease in the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the second detection antibody are indicative of an increase in VAMP cleavage by the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In one embodiment, the second detection antibody is the same as the first detection antibody and binds to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and to full-length VAMP.

In an alternative embodiment, the second detection antibody is different from said first detection antibody, and binds to full-length VAMP but not to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. Suitably, the second detection antibody binds to a VAMP epitope which is N-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site. Examples of suitable antibodies include commercially available antibodies such as ab3347 (Abcam) or ab181869 (Abcam).

In a particular embodiment, the method for determining cleavage of VAMP by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a cell, comprises:

-   -   a) contacting the cell with the clostridial neurotoxin under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   b) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with         -   a first detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP             cleaving clostridial neurotoxin under conditions suitable             for the binding of the first detection antibody to the             C-terminal VAMP cleavage product, wherein said first             detection antibody is an antibody according to the invention             which binds to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and to             full-length VAMP; and with         -   a second detection antibody which binds to full-length VAMP             but not to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product;     -   c) detecting by a suitable means         -   the binding of the first antibody to the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product and to full-length VAMP; and         -   the binding of the second detection antibody to the             full-length VAMP; and     -   d) quantifying by a suitable means:         -   the combined amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and             full-length VAMP bound to the first detection antibody; and         -   the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the second detection             antibody.

It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that a decrease in the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the second detection antibody and no change in the combined amount of full-length and C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to the first detection antibody is indicative of VAMP cleavage by the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In another particular embodiment, the method for determining cleavage of VAMP by a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a cell, comprises:

-   -   a) contacting the cell with the clostridial neurotoxin under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   b) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention which binds to the C-terminal VAMP         cleavage product and to full-length VAMP;     -   c) detecting by a suitable means         -   the binding of the first antibody to the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product; and         -   the binding of the first detection antibody to the             full-length VAMP;     -   wherein the signal generated from binding of the first detection         antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product can be         distinguished from the signal generated from binding of the         first detection antibody to full-length VAMP; and     -   d) quantifying by a suitable means:         -   the amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to the             first detection antibody; and         -   the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the first detection             antibody.

It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that an increase in the amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to the first antibody and a decrease in the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the first detection antibody are indicative of an increase in VAMP cleavage by the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for determining immunoresistance to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a subject, comprising:

-   -   a) adding a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin to a test         sample obtained from the subject;     -   b) contacting a cell with the test sample of step a) under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   c) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention;     -   d) detecting by a suitable means the binding of the first         detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product;     -   e) quantifying the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product bound to the first detection antibody;     -   f) repeating steps a) to e) with a negative control sample         instead of a test sample; and     -   g) comparing the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         bound to said first detection antibody in steps (e) and (f),         wherein detection of a lower amount of the C-terminal VAMP         cleavage product bound to said first detection antibody in         step (e) relative to the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product bound to said first detection antibody in step (f) is         indicative of the presence of neutralizing antibodies against         the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In one embodiment, step f) further comprises repeating steps a) to e) with a positive control sample.

As used herein, the term “neutralizing antibodies against a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin” means any antibody that will, under physiological conditions, bind to a region of a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in such a manner as to reduce or prevent the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin from exerting its therapeutic effect in a subject.

In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In a preferred embodiment, the subject is a human being.

In one embodiment, the sample is selected from blood, plasma, serum and lymph fluid obtained from the subject.

A test sample can be obtained from a subject prior to exposure to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin, after a single treatment with a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin or after multiple treatments with a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin. In a particular embodiment, the test sample is from a subject which is resistant to treatment with a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

As used herein, the term “control sample” means any sample in which the presence or absence of the test sample is known and includes both negative and positive control samples. With respect to neutralizing antibodies against VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin, a negative control sample can be obtained from an individual who had never been exposed to the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin and may include, without limitation, a sample from the same individual supplying the test sample, but taken before undergoing a treatment with a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin; a sample taken from a different individual never been exposed to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin; a pooled sample taken from a plurality of different individuals never been exposed to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

With respect to neutralizing antibodies against a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin, a positive control sample can be obtained from an individual manifesting immunoresistance to the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin and includes, without limitation, individual testing positive in a patient-based testing assays; individual testing positive in an in vivo bioassay; and individual showing hyperimmunity, e.g., a subject vaccinated against a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin.

In one embodiment, the method is an in vitro or an ex vivo method.

In one embodiment of the method for determining immunoresistance, step c) comprises contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a second detection antibody against full-length VAMP under conditions suitable for the binding of said second detection antibody to full-length VAMP; step d) comprises detecting by a suitable means the binding of the second detection antibody to full-length VAMP, and step e) comprises quantifying the amount of full-length VAMP bound to said second detection antibody.

In one embodiment, the second detection antibody is the same as the first detection antibody and binds to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and to full-length VAMP.

In an alternative embodiment, the second detection antibody is different from said first detection antibody, and binds to full-length VAMP but not to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. Suitably, the second detection antibody binds to a VAMP epitope which is N-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site. Examples of suitable antibodies include commercially available antibodies such as ab3347 (Abcam) or ab181869 (Abcam).

In a particular embodiment, the method for determining immunoresistance to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a subject, comprises:

-   -   a) adding a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin to a test         sample obtained from the subject;     -   b) contacting a cell with the test sample of step a) under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   c) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with         -   a first detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP             cleaving clostridial neurotoxin under conditions suitable             for the binding of the first detection antibody to the             C-terminal VAMP cleavage product, wherein said first             detection antibody is an antibody according to the invention             which binds to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and to             full-length VAMP; and with         -   a second detection antibody which binds to full-length VAMP             but not to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product;     -   d) detecting by a suitable means         -   the binding of the first antibody to the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product and to full-length VAMP; and         -   the binding of the second detection antibody to the             full-length VAMP;     -   e) quantifying         -   the combined amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product and             full-length VAMP bound to the first detection antibody; and         -   the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the second detection             antibody;     -   f) repeating steps a) to e) with a negative control sample         instead of a test sample; and     -   g) comparing the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         bound to said first detection antibody in steps (e) and (f),         wherein detection of a lower combined amount of the C-terminal         VAMP cleavage product and full-length VAMP bound to the first         detection antibody and/or a higher amount of the full-length         VAMP bound to the second detection antibody in step (e) relative         to the corresponding amounts in step (f) is indicative of the         presence of neutralizing antibodies against the VAMP cleaving         clostridial neurotoxin.

In another particular embodiment, the method for determining immunoresistance to a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin in a subject, comprises:

-   -   a) adding a VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin to a test         sample obtained from the subject;     -   b) contacting a cell with the test sample of step a) under         conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity;     -   c) contacting the cytoplasmic content of said cell with a first         detection antibody against the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         following cleavage of a VAMP by the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin under conditions suitable for the binding of the         first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage         product, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody         according to the invention which binds to the C-terminal VAMP         cleavage product and to full-length VAMP;     -   d) detecting by a suitable means         -   the binding of the first antibody to the C-terminal VAMP             cleavage product and to full-length VAMP; and         -   the binding of the first detection antibody to the             full-length VAMP;     -   wherein the signal generated from binding of the first detection         antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product can be         distinguished from the signal generated from binding of the         first detection antibody to full-length VAMP;     -   e) quantifying         -   the amount of C-terminal VAMP cleavage product bound to the             first detection antibody; and         -   the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the first detection             antibody;     -   f) repeating steps a) to e) with a negative control sample         instead of a test sample; and     -   g) comparing the amount of the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product         bound to said first detection antibody in steps (e) and (f),         wherein detection of a lower amount of the C-terminal VAMP         cleavage product bound to said first detection antibody and/or a         higher amount of the full-length VAMP bound to the first         detection antibody in step (e) relative to the corresponding         amounts in step (f) is indicative of the presence of         neutralizing antibodies against the VAMP cleaving clostridial         neurotoxin.

Herein, a “VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin” means a clostridial neurotoxin which binds to a receptor on a target cell, translocates a clostridial light chain (L) into the cytosol, which in turn proteolytic ally cleaves a VAMP thereby disrupting the secretion of molecules via vesicle transport by the cell.

Preferably, in the methods or use of the invention, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin comprises a BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT light chain. Suitably, the BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT light chain comprises a sequence selected from:

-   -   amino acid residues 1 to 441 of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto,     -   amino acid residues 1 to 442 of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto,     -   amino acid residues 1 to 439 of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto,     -   amino acid residues 1 to 446 of SEQ ID NO: 7, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto,     -   amino acid residues 1 to 439 of SEQ ID NO: 41, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto, and     -   amino acid residues 1 to 456 of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a polypeptide         sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity thereto.

It is understood that a BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT light chain as described herein has the ability to cleave a VAMP.

In one embodiment of methods or uses of the invention, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is selected from a BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X and a TeNT. Suitably, the BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT comprises a sequence selected from:

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 2 or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto,     -   SEQ ID NO: 4, or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto,     -   SEQ ID NO: 6, or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto,     -   SEQ ID NO: 7, or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto,     -   SEQ ID NO: 41, or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto and     -   SEQ ID NO: 8, or a polypeptide sequence having at least 70%,         preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence         identity thereto.

It is understood that a BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT clostridial neurotoxin as described herein has the ability to bind to a receptor on a target cell, translocate the clostridial light chain into the cytosol and cleave a VAMP.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a mosaic neurotoxin. The term “mosaic neurotoxin” as used in this context refers to a naturally occurring clostridial neurotoxin that comprises at least one functional domain from another type of clostridial neurotoxins (e.g. a clostridial neurotoxin of a different serotype), the clostridial neurotoxin not usually comprising the at least one functional domain. Examples of naturally occurring VAMP cleaving mosaic neurotoxins are BoNT/DC and BoNT/FA. BoNT/DC comprises the L chain and H_(N) domain of serotype D and the H_(C) domain of serotype C Nakamura K, et al. “Characterization of the D/C mosaic neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum associated with bovine botulism in Japan.” Vet. Microbiol. (2010): 140:147-154., whereas BoNT/FA consists of a BoNT/F5 light chain, a H_(N) domain closely related to subtype F1 and a BoNT/A1 H_(C) domain (Pellett, Sabine, et al. “Purification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin FA from a Genetically Modified Clostridium botulinum Strain.” mSphere 1.1 (2016): e00100-15).

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a mosaic neurotoxin selected from BoNT/DC and BoNT/FA.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a chimeric neurotoxin. The term “chimeric neurotoxin” as used herein means a neurotoxin comprising one or more domains originating from a first neurotoxin and one or more domains originating from a second neurotoxin. For example, a chimeric neurotoxin may comprise an LH_(N) domain originating from a first neurotoxin and a H_(C) domain originating from a second neurotoxin. Another example of a chimeric neurotoxin is a neurotoxin comprising an LH_(N)H_(CN) domain originating from a first neurotoxin and a H_(CC) domain originating from a second neurotoxin. Examples of chimeric neurotoxins are provided in GB1607901.4 (not yet published), herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a chimeric neurotoxin which comprises:

-   -   a light chain (L) from a BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X         or TeNT,     -   a H_(N) domain from a BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E,         BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT,     -   a H_(CN) domain from a BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E,         BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT,     -   a H_(CC) domain from a BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E,         BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT, and     -   wherein at least two of the domains are from different         clostridial neurotoxins.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a chimeric neurotoxin which comprises:

-   -   a LH_(N) domain from a first clostridial neurotoxin selected         from BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT,     -   a H_(CN)H_(CC) domain from a second clostridial neurotoxin         selected from BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F,         BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT wherein the first and second clostridial         neurotoxins are different.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a chimeric neurotoxin which comprises:

-   -   a LH_(N)H_(CN) domain from a first clostridial neurotoxin         selected from BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, BoNT/X or TeNT,     -   a H_(CC) domain from a second clostridial neurotoxin selected         from BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G,         BoNT/X or TeNT wherein the first and second clostridial         neurotoxins are different.

The VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin can be a modified neurotoxin or a derivative thereof, including but not limited to those described below. A modified neurotoxin or derivative may contain one or more amino acids that has been modified as compared to the native (unmodified) form of the neurotoxin, or may contain one or more inserted amino acids that are not present in the native (unmodified) form of the toxin. By way of example, a modified clostridial neurotoxin may have modified amino acid sequences in one or more domains relative to the native (unmodified) clostridial neurotoxin sequence. Such modifications may modify functional aspects of the neurotoxin, for example biological activity or persistence.

A modified VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin as described herein retains the ability to bind to a receptor on a target cell, to translocate the light chain into the cell cytoplasm and cleave a VAMP.

A modified VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin may have one or more modifications in the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain (such as a modified H_(C) domain), wherein said modified heavy chain binds to target nerve cells with a higher or lower affinity than the native (unmodified) neurotoxin. Such modifications in the H_(C) domain can include modifying residues in the ganglioside binding site or in the protein receptor binding site of the H_(CC) domain that alter binding to the ganglioside receptor and/or the protein receptor of the target nerve cell. Examples of such modified neurotoxins are described in WO 2006/027207 and WO 2006/114308, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. For example, the H_(CC) domain from a BoNT/B neurotoxin comprises at least one amino acid residue substitution, addition or deletion which has the effect of increasing the binding affinity of the BoNT/B H_(CC) domain for human Syt II as compared to the natural BoNT/B H_(CC) sequence. Suitable amino acid residue substitution, addition or deletion in the BoNT/B H_(CC) subdomain have been disclosed in WO2013/180799 and in PCT/US2016/024211 which is not yet published (both herein incorporated by reference). Suitable amino acid residue substitution, addition or deletion in the H_(CC) subdomain include substitution mutations selected from the group consisting of: V1118M; Y1183M; E1191M; E1191I; E1191Q; E1191T; S1199Y; S1199F; S1199L; S1201V; E1191C, E1191V, E1191L, E1191Y, S1199W, S1199E, S1199H, W1178Y, W1178Q, W1178A, W1178S, Y1183C, Y1183P and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the VAMP cleaving clostridial neurotoxin is a retargeted neurotoxin. The term “retargeted neurotoxin” (also referred to as “targeted secretion inhibitors”, “TSIs”, “TVEMPs” or “TEMs”) as used herein means a clostridial neurotoxin comprising a Targeting Moiety (TM) which binds to a non clostridial receptor. The TM can replace part or all of the H_(C) or H_(CC) domain of the clostridial neurotoxin heavy chain. Examples of retargeted neurotoxins are disclosed in WO96/33273, WO98/07864, WO00/10598, WO01/21213, WO01/53336; WO02/07759 WO2005/023309, WO2006/026780, WO2006/099590, WO2006/056093, WO2006/059105, WO2006/059113, WO2007/138339, WO2007/106115, WO2007/106799, WO2009/150469, WO2009/150470, WO2010/055358, WO2010/020811, WO2010/138379, WO2010/138395, WO2010/138382, WO2011/020052, WO2011/020056, WO2011/020114, WO2011/020117, WO2011/20119, WO2012/156743, WO2012/134900, WO2012/134897, WO2012/134904, WO2012/134902, WO2012/135343, WO2012/135448, WO2012/135304, WO2012/134902, WO2014/033441, WO2014/128497, WO2014/053651, WO2015/004464, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Examples of cells suitable for use in the methods or use according to the invention include a prokaryotic cell, eg. an E. coli cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, an animal cell, a mammalian cell, a human cell, a mouse cell, a primate cell, and/or a neuronal cell. Preferably, the cell is a neuronal cell, in particular cells with a high sensitivity to BoNT,

A cell with a high sensitivity to BoNT is a cell which is susceptible to BoNT intoxication. In some embodiments, a cell with a high sensitivity to BoNT is a cell which is susceptible to BoNT intoxication by, e.g., about 500 pM or less, about 400 pM or less, about 300 pM or less, about 200 pM or less, about 100 pM or less, about 90 pM or less, about 80 pM or less, about 70 pM or less, about 60 pM or less, about 50 pM or less, about 40 pM or less, about 30 pM or less, about 20 pM or less, about 10 pM or less, about 9 pM or less, about 8 pM or less, about 7 pM or less, about 6 pM or less, about 5 pM or less, about 4 pM or less, about 3 pM or less, about 2 pM or less, about 1 pM or less, about 0.9 pM or less, about 0.8 pM or less, about 0.7 pM or less, about 0.6 pM or less, about 0.5 pM or less, about 0.4 pM or less, about 0.3 pM or less, about 0.2 pM, about 0.1 pM or less, about 90 fM or less, about 80 fM or less, about 70 fM or less, about 60 fM or less, about 50 fM or less, about 40 fM or less, about 30 fM or less, about 20 fM or less, or about 10 fM or less.

Preferably, the cell has a high sensitivity (as defined above) to a VAMP cleaving BoNT.

In one embodiment, the cell is a primary neuronal cell with a high sensitivity to BoNT, e.g., cortical neurons, hippocampal neurons, and/or spinal cord neurons. For example, the cell is a rat cortical neuron.

In one embodiment, the cell is from a neuronal cell line with a high sensitivity to BoNT, e.g. BE(2)-M17, Kelly, LA1-55n, N1 E-115, N4TG3, N18, Neuro-2a, NG108-15, PC12, SH-SY5Y, SiMa, and/or SK-N-BE(2)-C.

In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell derived from a stem cell, in particular from an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell), eg. i-Cell® Neurons, i-Cell® DopaNeurons iCell Glutamatergic Neurons, iCell MotoNeurons (Cellular dynamics Inc) Cerebral Cortical Neurons, Neural Stem Cells (Axol Biosciences), Peri.4U neurons, CNS.4U neurons, Dopa.4UNeurons (Axiogenesis), MNP cells (Lonza), Cortical Neurons, Motor Neurons (iStem), and/or iPSC-Derived Neural Cells (MTI-GlobalStem).

In one embodiment, the cell can be modified by recombinant technology to express high levels of VAMP, such as VAMP1, VAMP2 VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5 and/or YKT6, more preferably VAMP1, VAMP2 and/or VAMP3.

In one embodiment in which the VAMP cleaving neurotoxin is a BoNT/B, a BoNT/DC or a BoNT/G, the cell expresses high levels of synaptotagmin I and/or synaptotagmin II (Syt I/Syt II). In one embodiment in which the VAMP cleaving neurotoxin is a BoNT/B, a BoNT/D-C or a BoNT/G, the cell is modified by recombinant technology to express high levels of synaptotagmin I and/or synaptotagmin II (Syt 1/Syt II).

In one embodiment in which the VAMP cleaving neurotoxin is a BoNT/FA, a BoNT/F, a BoNT/D or a TeNT, the cell expresses high levels of synaptic vesicle protein (SV2). In one embodiment in which the VAMP cleaving neurotoxin is a BoNT/FA, a BoNT/F, a BoNT/D or a TeNT, the cell is modified by recombinant technology to express high levels of synaptic vesicle protein (SV2).

As used herein, “conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity” refers to conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, cofactors, etc) under which the clostridial neurotoxin can bind to a clostridial neurotoxin receptor present on the cell membrane, translocate the clostridial neurotoxin light chain into the cell cytoplasm and cleave a VAMP.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity can comprise incubation at about 37° C. for a period of from about 1 hour to about 48 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity can comprise incubation at about 37° C. for a period of from about 2 hours to about 36 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity can comprise incubation at about 37° C. for a period of from about 4 hours to about 24 hours.

For example, conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity can comprise incubation at 37° C. for 24 hours.

As used herein, “conditions suitable for the binding of a first detection antibody to cleaved VAMP” and “conditions suitable for the binding of a second detection antibody to full-length VAMP” refer to conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, cofactors, etc) under which the first and/or second detection antibody can bind to cleaved VAMP and/or full-length VAMP.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 4° C. for a period of from about 8 hours to about 48 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 4° C. for a period of from about 10 hours to about 24 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 4° C. for a period of from about 12 hours to about 16 hours.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 25° C. for a period of from about 30 minutes hour to about 8 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 25° C. for a period of from about 1 hour to about 4 hours. In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the conditions suitable for antibody binding can comprise incubation at about 25° C. for a period of from about 1.5 hours to about 3 hours.

Means suitable for detecting and quantifying the binding of a detection antibody to cleaved or full-length VAMP are well known in the art. For example, binding of a detection antibody to cleaved or full-length VAMP can be detected and quantified by Western blotting. As each protein runs at a specific molecular weight via SDS-PAGE, the cleaved VAMP will be detected at lower molecular weights than the full-length VAMP. Analysis of the bands by densitometry allows a percentage cleavage readout using both the full-length band and the cleavage band within the same lane on the gel. Alternatively, VAMP cleavage can be detected and quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for example a sandwich ELISA.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the first detection antibody is a polyclonal antibody and the binding of the first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product is detected and quantified in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the first detection antibody is a polyclonal antibody and the binding of the first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product is detected and quantified in a western blot assay.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the first detection antibody is a monoclonal antibody and the binding of the first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product is detected and quantified in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the first detection antibody is a monoclonal antibody and the binding of the first detection antibody to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product is detected and quantified in a western blot assay.

In one embodiment of the methods of the invention, the cell is lysed prior to contacting of its cytoplasmic content with the detection antibody(ies).

In an alternative embodiment of the methods of the invention, the cell is permeabilized prior to contacting of its cytoplasmic content with the detection antibody(ies).

In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a cell which is susceptible to intoxication by a VAMP cleaving neurotoxin; and a first detection antibody against cleaved VAMP, wherein said first detection antibody is an antibody according to the invention.

In one embodiment, the kit further comprises a second detection antibody which binds to full-length VAMP but not to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product. Suitably, the second detection antibody binds to a VAMP epitope which is N-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site. Examples of suitable antibodies include commercially available antibodies such as ab3347 (Abcam) or ab181869 (Abcam).

This disclosure is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this disclosure. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, any nucleic acid sequences are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within this disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within this disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in this disclosure.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a clostridial neurotoxin” includes a plurality of such candidate agents and reference to “the clostridial neurotoxin” includes reference to one or more clostridial neurotoxins and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Detection of VAMP Proteolytic Cleavage by BoNT/D and BoNT/F A—Methods

1. Antibody Generation

Antibodies were generated by Eurogentec using their Speedy 28 day programme (https://secure.eurogentec.com/product/research-anti-protein-28-day-speedy-polyclonal-packages.html?country=gbr). Two rabbits per peptide were immunised with the following peptides:

VAMP PEP1: (SEQ ID NO: 39) H2N-SNR RLQ QTQ AQV DEC-CONH2;  VAMP PEP2: (SEQ ID NO: 15) AcNH-KLS ELD DRA DAL Q-CONH2; or VAMP PEP3: (SEQ ID NO: 40) H2N-CLQ AGA SQ-CONH2.

Animals underwent a first immunisation and three subsequent boosters. A pre-immune bleed, medium bleed and a final bleed were taken.

2. Recombinant Protein Cleavage

Active constructs containing the light chain and translocation domain of BoNT/D or the equivalent BoNT/F domains fused to a maltose-binding protein (MPB) were generated as previously described (Masuyer et al., “Structure and activity of a functional derivative of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin B. J Struct Biol”, 174, p52-57, 2011; Sutton et al., “Preparation of specifically activatable endopeptidase derivatives of Clostridium botulinum toxins type A, B, and C and their applications. Protein Expression and Purification 40:31-41, 2005). Briefly, either LH_(N)D (SEQ ID NO: 35) or a fusion protein called MBP-LF (SEQ ID NO: 36) (the latter being a fusion of MBP with the light chain of BoNT/F1 and a C-terminal 6-histidine motif; MPB and the 6-histidine motif being commonly known affinity tags) were diluted to 0.01 μg/μl in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH7.2, 200 μM ZnCl2, 1 μg/μl BSA, 10 mM DTT). VAMP2-GFP (SEQ ID NO: 37) (a fusion protein of amino acids 2-94 of human VAMP2 and the detectable marker green fluorescent protein (GFP)) was diluted to 804 in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH7.2, 200 μM ZnCl2, 1 μg/μl BSA, 10 mM DTT). Equal volumes of LH_(N)D or MBP-LF and VAMP2-GFP (SEQ ID NO: 37) (80 μM) were combined and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. Reactions were stopped by adding 2× reducing sample buffer (NuPage LDS sample buffer, 100 mM DTT).

3. Rat Cortical Neuronal Cell Culture

Rat cortical neurons were prepared from E17-E18 CD rat embryos. Dissected cortical tissue was collected into ice-cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) w/o Ca2+ or Mg2+, and then dissociated in papain solution for 40 minutes at 37° C. following the manufacturer's instructions (Worthington Biochemical, NJ, US). Cortical cells were plated on poly-L-ornithine (PLO) coated 96-well plates at a density of 20,000 cells/well in 125 μl Neurobasal media containing 2% B27 supplement, 0.5 mM GlutaMAX, 1% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. A further 125 μl Neurobasal media containing 2% B27, 0.5 mM GlutaMAX was added on DIV (days in vitro) 4. Cells were maintained by replacement of half media twice per week. On DIV 11, 1.5 μM cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (AraC) was added to the media to prevent proliferation of non-neuronal cells.

4. BoNT Treatment

Rat cortical neurons at DIV 18-21 were treated with a concentration range of native BoNT/F1 (Metabiologics, US) (1 nM-0.1 pM), or BoNT/D (Metabiologics, US) (10 nM-1 pM) in triplicate wells for 24 hours at 37° C. Media were removed and cells washed once with PBS. Cells were lysed in 40 μl LDS sample buffer (NuPage LDS buffer, 1 mM DTT, 1:500 Benzonase) for 10 minutes at room temperature.

5. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot

Neuronal lysates were boiled at 90° C. for 5 minutes. 15 μl lysates were loaded per lane to 12% Bis-Tris gels and run in MES buffer at 200V for 50 mM Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes via a Transblot Turbo (Biorad) using the low MW programme. Membranes were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature with 5% low fat milk/PBS-Tween and then incubated with the custom made anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2 or anti-Pep3 anti-VAMP2 primary antibodies, or with the commercial anti-VAMP2 antibodies (Abcam ab3347 and ab181869), overnight at 4° C. Membranes were washed 3 times in PBS-Tween and incubated with anti-rabbit-HRP secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed for 3×5 mins in PBS-Tween, then developed with SuperSignal West Femto chemiluminescent substrate and visualised using a Syngene PXi system.

B—Results Assessment of Recombinant Protein Detection

The regions of the chosen three peptide epitopes from VAMP2 relative to BoNT cleavage sites are shown in FIG. 2. The sequences for human and rat VAMP1, VAMP2 and VAMP3 are shown for comparison. Rat and human VAMP2 sequences are identical in the epitopes regions selected. The cleavage sites for BoNT/B and BoNT/D are located on adjacent amino acids.

Initially, the antibodies were tested in a cell free assay using recombinant VAMP2-GFP. BoNT/F and BoNT/D substitutes (MBP-LF and LH_(N)D) containing the enzymatic light chain domains of the toxin were used to cleave the VAMP protein. In addition, two other commercially available VAMP2 antibodies were used as a comparison; ab3347 (epitope aa1-18) and ab181869 (epitope within aa1-100). FIG. 3B shows that anti-Pep1 antibody detected full-length VAMP2 and the N-terminal cleaved portion (aa1-58/59) with much reduced signal. As expected, there was no C-terminal cleavage product detection by this antibody, since its epitope was not located on this portion. Anti-Pep2 and Anti-Pep3 antibodies detected both the full-length protein and the C-terminal cleaved products of VAMP2-GFP. Ab3347 only detected full-length VAMP2 and not the N-terminal cleavage fragment whereas ab181869 detected both.

These first results show that the antibodies were able to detect full-length and the expected cleaved products of recombinant VAMP2. The exception was ab3347 which only detected full-length VAMP2 and not the N-terminal cleavage fragment.

Assessment of Endogenous Protein Detection

The next question was whether these antibodies could detect any cleavage products in a neuronal cell assay in which endogenous proteases would be present. Rat primary cortical neurons were treated with either BoNT/F or BoNT/D and lysed for WB analysis. The anti-Pep 1 antibody only recognised the full-length protein and there was no detectable cleavage product. The anti-Pep 2 antibody detected both the full-length and the C-terminal cleaved product. The anti-Pep3 antibody showed a weak signal very poor affinity for monomer VAMP within a cell lysate and detected higher molecular weight species which were most likely to be dimers and other proteins (data not shown). The full-length monomer signal was very low but there was a band for the BoNT/F and BoNT/D cleaved C-terminal product. In other words, anti-Pep3 did not detect full-length VAMP but weakly detected the BoNT/F and BoNT/D cleaved C-terminal fragment. This was in contrast to the earlier cell-free results which showed a strong signal from the full-length and cleaved recombinant VAMP. The commercial antibody Ab3347 was not tested in vitro due to the absence of cleaved protein detection in the cell-free assay. Despite the positive binding to the N-terminal cleaved recombinant fragment in the cell-free assay, the commercial antibody ab181869 detected full-length VAMP2 in the cortical lysates, but not a cleaved fragment in the cortical lysates. The Pep 2 data was used to quantify the dose dependent cleavage of VAMP2 by BoNT/F (FIG. 4I) and BoNT/D (FIG. 4J).

The inventors have initially shown that, in a cell-free system, both recombinant VAMP cleavage products can be detected. However, when transferred to a cellular lysate, the inventors have also shown that the N-terminal product is not detectable, but there may be other mechanisms involved, apart from degradation, that are yet unknown. In contrast, the inventors have shown that the C-terminal VAMP fragment which is still bound to the vesicle membrane is not degraded or altered in a manner that would prevent antibody binding and detection by Western Blot. The Pep2 epitope is adjacent to the BoNT/D and BoNT/F cleavage site and the antibody generated against this peptide detects both full-length VAMP and the cleaved product. In contrast, the anti-Pep3 antibody, which was generated against a shorter epitope further away from the BoNT F/D cleavage site, also detects, albeit weakly, the cleaved product.

Example 2: Detection of VAMP Proteolytic Cleavage by BoNT/FA and BoNT/F1 in Rat Cortical Neurons A—Methods

1. Rat Cortical Neuronal Cell Culture

Rat cortical neurons were prepared as detailed in Example 1.

2. BoNT Treatment

Rat cortical neurons at DIV 18-21 were treated with a concentration range (1 pM-1 fM) of recombinant BoNT/FA (SEQ ID NO: 38), or a concentration range (1 nM-1 pM) of native BoNT/F1 (Metabiologics, US), or a concentration range (1 nM-1 fM) of native BoNT/A1 (List Biological Laboratories Inc., US), in triplicate wells, for 24 hours, at 37° C. Media were removed and cells washed once with PBS. Cells were lysed in 40 μl LDS sample buffer (NuPage LDS buffer, 1 mM DTT, 1:500 Benzonase) for 10 minutes at room temperature.

3. SDS Page and Western Blot of Rat Cortical Neurons

Rat cortical neurons were lysed in 40 μl lysis buffer (NuPage LDS sample buffer, 1 mM DTT and 1:500 Benzonase) for 10 minutes at room temperature. Samples were boiled at 90° C. for 5 minutes and 15 μl lysates loaded per lane to 12% Bis-Tris gels and run in either MOPS buffer at 200 V for 80 min (SNAP-25) or MES buffer at 200 V for 50 min (VAMP2). Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes via a Transblot Turbo (Biorad) using the mixed MW (SNAP25) or low MW (VAMP2) programmes Membranes were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature with 5% low fat milk/PBS-Tween and then incubated with either anti-SNAP25 antibody (Sigma S9684 1:4000) or anti-Pep2 (1:500), a custom-made anti-VAMP2 (Eurogentec) antibody as described in Example 1; each primary antibody was incubated overnight at 4° C. Membranes were washed 3 times in PBS-Tween and incubated with anti-rabbit-HRP secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed for 3×5 mins in PBS-Tween, then developed with SuperSignal West Dura or West Femto chemiluminescent substrate and visualised using a Syngene Pxi system. Band densitometry was analysed using Genetools software and % protein cleavage was determined using the ratio of the full-length protein to the cleaved product for both SNAP-25 and VAMP2.

B—Results

Following treatment with BoNT/F1, BoNT/A1 or BoNT/FA for 24 hours, rat cortical neurons were lysed, run on SDS-PAGE and Western blotted for VAMP-2 (BoNT/F1 and BoNT/FA) or SNAP-25 (BoNT/A1). Percent SNARE cleavage was determined from the ratio of full-length to cleaved protein by densitometric analysis.

The results are presented in FIGS. 5A-C. Recombinant BoNT/FA cleaved VAMP-2 with potency pEC50=12.75±0.14, n=4. Natural BoNT/F1 cleaved VAMP-2 with potency pEC50=10.77±0.12, n=3. Natural BoNT/A1 cleaved SNAP-25 with potency pEC50=12.38±0.14, n=3.

Example 3: Detection of VAMP Proteolytic Cleavage by BoNT/B in Rat Cortical Neurons A—Methods

1. Antibody Generation

A monoclonal antibody was generated by Abcam using rabbits immunised with the peptide Pep4: FETSAAKLKRKYWWK (SEQ ID NO:49).

The BoNT/B cleavage-specific anti-VAMP2 antibody (Kegel et al., Toxicology in Vitro; 2007, 21: p1641-1649) was used for comparative study.

2. Rat Cortical Neuronal Cell Culture

Rat cortical neurons were prepared from E17-E18 CD rat embryos. Dissected cortical tissue was collected into ice-cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) w/o Ca2+ or Mg2+, and then dissociated in papain solution for 40 minutes at 37° C. following the manufacturer's instructions (Worthington Biochemical, NJ, US). Cortical cells were plated on poly-L-ornithine (PLO) coated 96-well plates at a density of 20,000 cells/well in 125 μl Neurobasal media containing 2% B27 supplement, 0.5 mM GlutaMAX, 1% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. A further 125 μl Neurobasal media containing 2% B27, 0.5 mM GlutaMAX was added on DIV (days in vitro) 4. Cells were maintained by replacement of half media twice per week. On DIV 11, 1.5 μM cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (AraC) was added to the media to prevent proliferation of non-neuronal cells.

3. BoNT Treatment

Rat cortical neurons were cultured in T25 flasks and treated with 1 nM and 10 pM of BoNT/B (provided by obtained from List Biological Laboratories, Inc.) (SEQ ID NO:2) for 24 hours at 37° C. Media were removed and cells washed once with PBS. Cells were lysed in 1.5 ml NuPage sample buffer (NuPage LDS buffer, 1 mM DTT, 1:500 Benzonase) for 10 minutes at room temperature.

4. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot

Neuronal lysates were boiled at 90° C. for 5 minutes. 15 μl lysates were loaded per lane to 12% Bis-Tris gels and run in MES buffer at 200V for 50 min Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes via a Transblot Turbo (Biorad) using the low MW programme. Membranes were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature with 5% low fat milk/PBS-Tween and then incubated with the custom made anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2, anti-Pep3 or anti-Pep4 antibodies, or with the BoNT-B cleavage-specific antibody, overnight at 4° C. Membranes were washed 3 times in PBS-Tween and incubated with anti-rabbit-HRP secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed for 3×5 mins in PBS-Tween, then developed with SuperSignal West Femto chemiluminescent substrate and visualised using a Syngene Pxi system.

B—Results

Based on the results obtained in the above-described Examples 1 and 2, which implied the location of the epitope was key to detection of cleaved VAMP in vitro, a new monoclonal antibody was generated against the epitope adjacent to the BoNT/B cleavage site located on the C-Terminal side.

This antibody was tested in the same rat cortical assay following BoNT/B and BoNT/F treatment and compared with anti-Pep1, anti-Pep2, anti-Pep3 and a BoNT/B cleavage-specific antibody (FIGS. 6B-E). The epitope regions for all comparison antibodies were located on the N-terminal side of the BoNT/B cleavage site. FIG. 6A shows that the location of the epitope of the new antibody directed against Pep4 enabled detection of the full-length VAMP2, as well as of the cleaved products for both BoNT/B and BoNT/F treatment. In contrast, the anti-Pep2 and anti-Pep3 antibodies only detected the BoNT/F cleaved product but not the BoNT/B cleaved product. The anti-Pep1 antibody did not detect any cleavage product as expected. The BoNT/B cleavage-specific antibody also did not detect any BoNT/B cleavage product in these cell lysates.

Overall, the present data show that an important consideration for cleaved VAMP detection is the location of the antibody epitope. Only antibodies raised against epitopes located on the membrane-bound VAMP fragment, post-cleavage, were able to detect the fragment. By locating the monoclonal antibody epitope towards the C-terminal end of VAMP, it was hypothesized that this region should be present in the VAMP fragments produced by the VAMP-cleaving neurotoxin serotypes B, D and F. This proved to be the case, enabling to generate a single antibody (anti-Pep4 Mab) which provided positive results for BoNT/B and BoNT/F treated neurons. Besides, since TeNT shares the same cleavage site as BoNT/B and BoNT/D cleavage site is in close vicinity to BoNT/F cleavage site, it is expected that this antibody will also be applicable to TeNT and BoNT/D cleavage.

An additional advantage of the Pep4 epitope region is that antibodies directed against this region can detect both full length and cleaved VAMP with similar sensitivity. The ability to simultaneously detect both protein forms within the same sample provides a robust tool for normalisation, without the need to blot for additional housekeeping proteins. This provides a very useful and straightforward gain of signal Western blot assay for quantification of BoNT potency in cell models.

The present data also show differences in VAMP detection between cell-free recombinant protein assays and a whole cell model. It was precisely this inability to detect cellular cleaved VAMP which formed the basis of the hypothesis that VAMP degradation in the cell occurred very quickly (Foran et al., “Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E and F compared with the long-lasting type A”. J. Biol Chem 278 (2) pp 1363-1371 2003). In contrast to the antibodies of the present invention, the majority of commercially available VAMP antibodies are raised against epitopes within the N-terminal region of the protein and therefore the N-terminal VAMP fragment was the focus of those earlier studies. Although it is shown herein that the smaller C-terminal VAMP fragment is not degraded in a cell, the larger N-terminal fragment was not detected either. It is interesting to note however that, our cell-free results show that not all commercial antibodies are able to detect the expected N-terminal fragment even when it is present in a cell-free system lacking any proteases. From the present data, it can be concluded that the VAMP degradation hypothesis most certainly relates only to the N-terminal fragment, and that the C-terminal VAMP fragment is not degraded and remains bound to the vesicle membrane.

SEQUENCE INFORMATION BoNT/A1 - UniProtKB Accession Number P10845 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 1 MPFVNKQFNYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNAGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFT NPEEGDLNPPPEAKQVPVSYYDSTYLSTDNEKDNYLKGVTKLBERIYSTDLG RMLLTSIVRGIPFWGGSTIDTELKVIDTNCINVIQPDGSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADI IQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGYGSTQYIRFSPDFTFGFEESLEVDTNPLLGAGKFA TDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPNRVFKVNTNAYYEMSGLEVSFEELRTFG GHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKAKSIVGTTASLQYMKNVFKE KYLLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKVLNRKTYLNFDK AVFKINIVPKVNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFTGLBE FYKLLCVRGIITSKTKSLDKGYNKALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDLNK GEEITSDTNIEAAEENISLDLIQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNI ERFPNGKKYELD KYTMFHYLRAQEFEHGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFF SSDYVKKVNKATEAAMFLGWVEQLVYDFTDETSEVSTTDKIADITIIIPYIGPA LNIGNMLYKDDFVGALIFSGAVILLEFIPEIAIPVLGTFALVSYIANKVLTVQTI DNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVTNWLAKVNTQIDLIRKKMKEALENQAEATKAI INYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNESINKAMININKFLNQCSVSYLMNS MIPYGVKRLEDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVDRLKDKVNNTLSTDIPFQ LSKYVDNQRLLSTFTEYIKNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYASKINIGSKVNBD PIDKNQIQLFNLESSKIEVILKNAIVYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNSISLNNEYT IINCMENNSGWKVSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIKQRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWIF VTITNNRLNNSKIYINGRLIDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFKLDGCRDTHRYIWIK YFNLFDKELNEKEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYDPNK YVDVNNVGIRGYMYLKGPRGSVMTTNIYLNSSLYRGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNI VRNNDRVYINVVVKNKEYRLATNASQAGVEKILSALEIPDVGNLSQVVVMK SKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDNNGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAKLVASNWYNRQIERSSR TLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPL BoNT/B1 - UniProtKB Accession Number P10844 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 2 MPVTINNFNYNDPIDNNNIIMMEPPFARGTGRYYKAFKITDRIWIIPERYTFGY KPEDFNKSSGIFNRDVCEYYDPDYLNTNDKKNIFLQTMIKLFNRIKSKPLGEK LLEMIINGIPYLGDRRVPLEEFNTNIASVTVNKLISNPGEVERKKGIFANLIIFGP GPVLNENETIDIGIQNHFASREGFGGIMQMKFCPEYVSVFNNVQENKGASIFN RRGYFSDPALILMHELIHVLHGLYGIKVDDLPIVPNEKKFFMQSTDAIQAEEL YTFGGQDPSIITPSTDKSIYDKVLQNFRGIVDRLNKVLVCISDPNININIYKNKF KDKYKFVEDSEGKYSIDVESFDKLYKSLMFGFTETNIAENYKIKTRASYFSDS LPPVKIKNLLDNEIYTIEEGFNISDKDMEKEYRGQNKAINKQAYEEISKEHLAV YKIQMCKSVKAPGICIDVDNEDLFFIADKNSFSDDLSKNERIEYNTQSNYIEND FPINELILDTDLISKIELPSENTESLTDFNVDVPVYEKQPAIKKIFTDENTIFQYL YSQTFPLDIRDISLTSSFDDALLFSNKVYSFFSMDYIKTANKVVEAGLFAGWV KQIVNDFVIEANKSNTMDKIADISLIVPYIGLALNVGNETAKGNFENAFEIAGA SILLEFIPELLIPVVGAFLLESYIDNKNKIIKTIDNALTKRNEKWSDMYGLIVAQ WLSTVNTQFYTIKEGMYKALNYQAQALEEIIKYRYNIYSEKEKSNINIDFNDI NSKLNEGINQAIDNINNFINGCSVSYLMKKMIPLAVEKLLDFDNTLKKNLLNY IDENKLYLIGSAEYEKSKVNKYLKTIMPFDLSIYTNDTILIEMFNKYNSEILNNI ILNLRYKDNNLIDLSGYGAKVEVYDGVELNDKNQFKLTSSANSKIRVTQNQN IIFNSVFLDFSVSFWIRIPKYKNDGIQNYIHNEYTIINCMKNNSGWKISIRGNRII WTLIDINGKTKSVFFEYNIREDISEYINRWFFVTITNNLNNAKIYINGKLESNTD IKDIREVIANGEIIFKLDGDIDRTQFIWMKYFSIFNTELSQSNIEERYKIQSYSEY LKDFWGNPLMYNKEYYMFNAGNKNSYIKLKKDSPVGEILTRSKYNQNSKYI NYRDLYIGEKFIIRRKSNSQSINDDIVRKEDYIYLDFFNLNQEWRVYTYKYFK KEEEKLFLAPISDSDEFYNTIQIKEYDEQPTYSCQLLFKKDEESTDEIGLIGIHRF YESGIVFEEYKDYFCISKWYLKEVKRKPYNLKLGCNWQFIPKDEGWTE BoNT/C1 - UniProtKB Accession Number P18640 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 3 MPITINNFNYSDPVDNKNILYLDTHLNTLANEPEKAFRITGNIWVIPDRFSRNS NPNLNKPPRVTSPKSGYYDPNYLSTDSDKDPFLKEIIKLFKRINSREIGEELIYR LSTDIPFPGNNNTPINTFDFDVDFNSVDVKTRQGNNWVKTGSINPSVIITGPRE NIIDPETSTFKLTNNTFAAQEGFGALSIISISPRFMLTYSNATNDVGEGRFSKSE FCMDPILILMHELNHAMHNLYGIAIPNDQTISSVTSNIFYSQYNVKLEYAEIYA FGGPTIDLIPKSARKYFEEKALDYYRSIAKRLNSITTANPSSFNKYIGEYKQKLI RKYRFVVESSGEVTVNRNKFVELYNELTQIFTEFNYAKIYNVQNRKIYLSNVY TPVTANILDDNVYDIQNGFNIPKSNLNVLFMGQNLSRNPALRKVNPENMLYL FTKFCHKAIDGRSLYNKTLDCRELLVKNTDLPFIGDISDVKTDIFLRKDINEET EVIYYPDNVSVDQVILSKNTSEHGQLDLLYPSIDSESEILPGENQVFYDNRTQN VDYLNSYYYLESQKLSDNVEDFTFTRSIEEALDNSAKVYTYFPTLANKVNAG VQGGLFLMWANDVVEDFTTNILRKDTLDKISDVSAIIPYIGPALNISNSVRRG NFTEAFAVTGVTILLEAFPEFTIPALGAFVIYSKVQERNEIIKTIDNCLEQRIKR WKDSYEWMMGTWLSRIITQFNNISYQMYDSLNYQAGAIKAKIDLEYKKYSG SDKENIKSQVENLKNSLDVKISEAMNNINKFIRECSVTYLFKNMLPKVIDELN EFDRNTKAKLINLIDSHNIILVGEVDKLKAKVNNSFQNTIPFNIFSYTNNSLLK DIINEYFNNINDSKILSLQNRKNTLVDTSGYNAEVSEEGDVQLNPIFPFDFKLG SSGEDRGKVIVTQNENIVYNSMYESFSISFWIRINKWVSNLPGYTIIDSVKNNS GWSIGIISNFLVFTLKQNEDSEQSINFSYDISNNAPGYNKWFFVTVTNNMMGN MKIYINGKLIDTIKVKELTGINFSKTITFEINKIPDTGLITSDSDNINMWIRDFYIF AKELDGKDINILFNSLQYTNVVKDYWGNDLRYNKEYYMVNIDYLNRYMYA NSRQIVFNTRRNNNDFNEGYKIIIKRIRGNTNDTRVRGGDILYFDMTINNKAY NLFMKNETMYADNHSTEDIYAIGLREQTKDINDNIIFQIQPMNNTYYYASQIF KSNFNGENISGICSIGTYRFRLGGDWYRHNYLVPTVKQGNYASLLESTSTHW GFVPVSE BoNT/D - UniProtKB Accession Number P19321 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 4 MTWPVKDFNYSDPVNDNDILYLRIPQNKLITTPVKAFMITQNIWVIPERFSSDT NPSLSKPPRPTSKYQSYYDPSYLSTDEQKDTFLKGIIKLFKRINERDIGKKLINY LVVGSPFMGDSSTPEDTFDFTRHTTNIAVEKFENGSWKVTNIITPSVLIFGPLP NILDYTASLTLQGQQSNPSFEGFGTLSILKVAPEFLLTFSDVTSNQSSAVLGKSI FCMDPVIALMHELTHSLHQLYGINIPSDKRIRPQVSEGFFSQDGPNVQFEELYT FGGLDVEIIPQIERSQLREKALGHYKDIAKRLNNINKTIPSSWISNIDKYKKIFSE KYNFDKDNTGNFVVNIDKFNSLYSDLTNVMSEVVYSSQYNVKNRTHYFSRH YLPVFANILDDNIYTIRDGFNLTNKGFNIENSGQNIERNPALQKLSSESVVDLF TKVCLRLTKNSRDDSTCIKVKNNRLPYVADKDSISQEIFENKIITDETNVQNYS DKFSLDESILDGQVPINPEIVDPLLPNVNMEPLNLPGEEIVFYDDITKYVDYLN SYYYLESQKLSNNVENITLTTSVEEALGYSNKIYTFLPSLAEKVNKGVQAGLF LNWANEVVEDFTTNIMKKDTLDKISDVSVIIPYIGPALNIGNSALRGNFNQAF ATAGVAFLLEGFPEFTIPALGVFTFYSSIQEREKIIKTIENCLEQRVKRWKDSY QWMVSNWLSRITTQFNHINYQMYDSLSYQADAIKAKIDLEYKKYSGSDKENI KSQVENLKNSLDVKISEAMNNINKFIRECSVTYLFKNMLPKVIDELNKFDLRT KTELINLIDSHNIILVGEVDRLKAKVNESFENTMPFNIFSYTNNSLLKDIINEYF NSINDSKILSLQNKKNALVDTSGYNAEVRVGDNVQLNTIYTNDFKLSSSGDKI IVNLNNNILYSAIYENSSVSFWIKISKDLTNSHNEYTIINSIEQNSGWKLCIRNG NIEWILQDVNRKYKSLIFDYSESLSHTGYTNKWFFVTITNNIMGYMKLYINGE LKQSQKIEDLDEVKLDKTIVFGIDENIDENQMLWIRDFNIFSKELSNEDINIVYE GQILRNVIKDYWGNPLKFDTEYYIINDNYIDRYIAPESNVLVLVQYPDRSKLY TGNPITIKSVSDKNPYSRILNGDNIILHMLYNSRKYMIIRDTDTIYATQGGECS QNCVYALKLQSNLGNYGIGIFSIKNIVSKNKYCSQIFSSFRENTMLLADIYKPW RFSFKNAYTPVAVTNYETKLLSTSSFWKFISRDPGWVE BoNT/E - Accession number WP_003372387 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 5 MPKINSFNYNDPVNDRTILYIKPGGCQEFYKSFNIMKNIWIIPERNVIGTTPQDF HPPTSLKNGDSSYYDPNYLQSDEEKDRFLKIVTKIFNRINNNLSGGILLEELSK ANPYLGNDNTPDNQFHIGDASAVEIKFSNGSQDILLPNVIIMGAEPDLPETNSS NISLRNNYMPSNHGFGSIAIVTFSPEYSFRFNDNSMNEFIQDPALTLMHELIHS LHGLYGAKGITTKYTITQKQNPLITNIRGTNIEEFLTFGGTDLNIITSAQSNDIY TNLLADYKKIASKLSKVQVSNPLLNPYKDVPLAKYGLDKDASGIYSVNINKF NDIFKKLYSFTEFDLATKFQVKCRQTYIGQYKYFKLSNLLNDSIYNISEGYNIN NLKVNFRGQNANLNPRIITPITGRGLVKKIIRFCKNIVSVKGIRKSICIEINNGEL FFVASENSYNDDNINTPKEIDDTVTSNNNYENDLDQVILNFNSESAPGLSDEK LNLTIQNDAYIPKYDSNGTSDIEQHDVNELNVFFYLDAQKVPEGENNVNLTSS IDTALLEQPKIYTFFSSEFINNVNKPVQAALFVSWIQQVLVDFTTEANQKSTVD KIADISIVVPYIGLALNIGNEAQKGNFKDALELLGAGILLEFEPELLIPTILVFTI KSFLGSSDNKNKVIKAINNALKERDEKWKEVYSFIVSNWMTKINTQFNKRKE QMYQALQNQVNAIKTIIESKYNSYTLEEKNELTNKYDIKQIENELNQKVSIAM NNIDRFLTESSISYLMKLINEVKINKLREYDENVKTYLLNYIIQHGSILGESQQE LNSMVTDTLNNSIPFKLSSYTDDKILISYFNKFFKRIKSSSVLNMRYKNDKYV DTSGYDSNININGDVYKYPTNKNQFGIYNDKLSEVNISQNDYIIYDNKYKNFSI SFWVRIPNYDNKIVNVNNEYTIINCMRDNNSGWKVSLNHNEIIWTLQDNAGI NQKLAFNYGNANGISDYINKWIFVTITNDRLGDSKLYINGNLIDQKSILNLGNI HVSDNILFKIVNCSYTRYIGIRYFNIFDKELDETEIQTLYSNEPNTNILKDFWGN YLLYDKEYYLLNVLKPNNFIDRRKDSTLSINNIRSTILLANRLYSGIKVKIQRV NNSSTNDNLVRKNDQVYINFVASKTHLFPLYADTATTNKEKTIKISSSGNRFN QVVVMNSVGNNCTMNFKNNNGNNIGLLGFKADTVVASTWYYTHMRDHTN SNGCFWNFISEEHGWQEK BoNT/F - UniProtKB Accession Number YP_001390123 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 6 MPVVINSFNYNDPVNDDTILYMQIPYEEKSKKYYKAFEIMRNVWIIPERNTIG TDPSDFDPPASLENGSSAYYDPNYLTTDAEKDRYLKTTIKLFKRINSNPAGEV LLQEISYAKPYLGNEHTPINEFHPVTRTTSVNIKSSTNVKSSIILNLLVLGAGPD IFENSSYPVRKLMDSGGVYDPSNDGFGSINIVTFSPEYEYTFNDISGGYNSSTE SFIADPAISLAHELIHALHGLYGARGVTYKETIKVKQAPLMIAEKPIRLEEFLTF GGQDLNIITSAMKEKIYNNLLANYEKIATRLSRVNSAPPEYDINEYKDYFQWK YGLDKNADGSYTVNENKFNEIYKKLYSFTEIDLANKFKVKCRNTYFIKYGFL KVPNLLDDDIYTVSEGFNIGNLAVNNRGQNIKLNPKIIDSIPDKGLVEKIVKFC KSVIPRKGTKAPPRLCIRVNNRELFFVASESSYNENDINTPKEIDDTTNLNNNY RNNLDEVILDYNSETIPQISNQTLNTLVQDDSYVPRYDSNGTSEIEEHNVVDL NVFFYLHAQKVPEGETNISLTSSIDTALSEESQVYTFFSSEFINTINKPVHAALFI SWINQVIRDFTTEATQKSTFDKIADISLVVPYVGLALNIGNEVQKENFKEAPEL LGAGILLEFVPELLIPTILVFTIKSFIGSSENKNKIIKAINNSLMERETKWKEIYS WIVSNWLTRINTQFNKRKEQMYQALQNQVDAIKTVIEYKYNNYTSDERNRL ESEYNINNIREELNKKVSLAMENIERFITESSIFYLMKLINEAKVSKLREYDEG VKEYLLDYISEHRSILGNSVQELNDLVTSTLNNSIPFELSSYTNDKILILYFNKL YKKIKDNSILDMRYENNKFIDISGYGSNISINGDVYIYSTNRNQFGIYSSKPSEV NIAQNNDIIYNGRYQNFSISFWVRIPKYFNKVNLNNEYTIIDCIRNNNSGWKIS LNYNKIIWTLQDTAGNNQKLVFNYTQMISISDYINKWIFVTITNNRLGNSRIYI NGNLIDEKSISNLGDIHVSDNILFKIVGCNDTRYVGIRYFKVFDTELGKTEIETL YSDEPDPSILKDFWGNYLLYNKRYYLLNLLRTDKSITQNSNFLNINQQRGVY QKPNIFSNTRLYTGVEVIIRKNGSTDISNTDNFVRKNDLAYINVVDRDVEYRL YADISIAKPEKIIKLIRTSNSNNSLGQIIVMDSIGNNCTMNFQNNNGGNIGLLGF HSNNLVASSWYYNNIRKNTSSNGCFWSFISKEHGWQEN BoNT/G - UniProtKB Accession Number WP_039635782 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 7 MPVNIKNFNYNDPINNDDIIMMEPFNDPGPGTYYKAFRIIDRIWIVPERFTYGF QPDQFNASTGVFSKDVYEYYDPTYLKTDAEKDKFLKTMIKLFNRINSKPSGQ RLLDMIVDAIPYLGNASTPPDKFAANVANVSINKKIIQPGAEDQIKGLMTNLII FGPGPVLSDNFTDSMIMNGHSPISEGFGARMMIRFCPSCLNVFNNVQENKDTS IFSRRAYFADPALTLMHELIHVLHGLYGIKISNLPITPNTKEFFMQHSDPVQAE ELYTFGGHDPSVISPSTDMNIYNKALQNFQDIANRLNIVSSAQGSGIDISLYKQI YKNKYDFVEDPNGKYSVDKDKFDKLYKALMFGFTETNLAGEYGIKTRYSYF SEYLPPIKTEKLLDNTIYTQNEGFNIASKNLKTEFNGQNKAVNKEAYEEISLEH LVIYRIAMCKPVMYKNTGKSEQCIIVNNEDLFFIANKDSFSKDLAKAETIAYN TQNNTIENNFSIDQLILDNDLSSGIDLPNENTEPFTNFDDIDIPVYIKQSALKKIF VDGDSLFEYLHAQTFPSNIENLQLTNSLNDALRNNNKVYTFFSTNLVEKANT VVGASLFVNWVKGVIDDFTSESTQKSTIDKVSDVSIIIPYIGPALNVGNETAKE NFKNABEIGGAAILMEFIPELIVPIVGFFTLESYVGNKGHIIMTISNALKKRDQK WTDMYGLIVSQWLSTVNTQFYTIKERMYNALNNQSQAIEKIIEDQYNRYSEE DKMNINIDFNDIDFKLNQSINLAINNIDDFINQCSISYLMNRMIPLAVKKLKDF DDNLKRDLLEYIDTNELYLLDEVNILKSKVNRHLKDSIPFDLSLYTKDTILIQV FNNYISNISSNAILSLSYRGGRLIDSSGYGATMNVGSDVIFNDIGNGQFKLNNS ENSNITAHQSKFVVYDSMFDNFSINFWVRTPKYNNNDIQTYLQNEYTIISCIKN DSGWKVSIKGNRIIWTLIDVNAKSKSIFFENSIKDNISDYINKWFSITITNDRLG NANIYINGSLKKSEKILNLDRINSSNDIDFKLINCTDTTKFVWIKDFNIFGRELN ATEVSSLYWIQSSTNTLKDFWGNPLRYDTQYYLFNQGMQNIYIKYFSKASMG ETAPRTNFNNAAINYQNLYLGLRFIIKKASNSRNINNDNIVREGDYIYLNIDNIS DESYRVYVLVNSKEIQTQLFLAPINDDPTFYDVLQIKKYYEKTTYNCQILCEK DTKTFGLFGIGKFVKDYGYVWDTYDNYFCISQWYLRRISENINKLRLGCNWQ FIPVDEGWTE TeNT - UniProtKB Accession Number P04958 (Clostridium tetani) SEQ ID NO: 8 MPITINNFRYSDPVNNDTIIMMEPPYCKGLDIYYKAFKITDRIWIVPERYEFGT KPEDFNPPSSLIEGASEYYDPNYLRTDSDKDRFLQTMVKLFNRIKNNVAGEAL LDKIINAIPYLGNSYSLLDKFDTNSNSVSFNLLEQDPSGATTKSAMLTNLIIFGP GPVLNKNEVRGIVLRVDNKNYFPCRDGFGSIMQMAFCPEYVPTFDNVIENITS LTIGKSKYFQDPALLLMHELIHVLHGLYGMQVSSHEIIPSKQEIYMQHTYPISA EELFTFGGQDANLISIDIKNDLYEKTLNDYKAIANKLSQVTSCNDPNIDIDSYK QIYQQKYQFDKDSNGQYIVNEDKFQILYNSIMYGFTEIELGKKFNIKTRLSYFS MNHDPVKIPNLLDDTIYNDTEGFNIESKDLKSEYKGQNMRVNTNAPRNVDGS GLVSKLIGLCKKIIPPTNIRENLYNRTASLTDLGGELCIKIKNEDLTFIAEKNSFS EEPFQDEIVSYNTKNKPLNFNYSLDKIIVDYNLQSKITLPNDRTTPVTKGIPYA PEYKSNAASTIEIHNIDDNTIYQYLYAQKSPTTLQRITMTNSVDDALINSTKIYS YFPSVISKVNQGAQGILFLQWVRDIIDDFTNESSQKTTIDKISDVSTIVPYIGPA LNIVKQGYEGNFIGALETTGVVLLLEYIPEITLPVIAALSIAESSTQKEKIIKTID NFLEKRYEKWIEVYKLVKAKWLGTVNTQFQKRSYQMYRSLEYQVDAIKKII DYEYKIYSGPDKEQIADEINNLKNKLEEKANKAMININIFMRESSRSFLVNQMI NEAKKQLLEFDTQSKNILMQYIKANSKFIGITELKKLESKINKVFSTPIPFSYSK NLDCWVDNEEDIDVILKKSTILNLDINNDIISDISGFNSSVITYPDAQLVPGING KAIHLVNNESSEVIVHKAMDIEYNDMFNNFTVSFWLRVPKVSASHLEQYGTN EYSIISSMKKHSLSIGSGWSVSLKGNNLIWTLKDSAGEVRQITFRDLPDKFNA YLANKWVFITITNDRLSSANLYINGVLMGSAEITGLGAIREDNNITLKLDRCN NNNQYVSIDKFRIFCKALNPKEIEKLYTSYLSITFLRDFWGNPLRYDTEYYLIP VASSSKDVQLKNITDYMYLTNAPSYTNGKLNIYYRRLYNGLKFIIKRYTPNNE IDSFVKSGDFIKLYVSYNNNEHIVGYPKDGNAFNNLDRILRVGYNAPGIPLYK KMEAVKLRDLKTYSVQLKLYDDKNASLGLVGTHNGQIGNDPNRDILIASNW YFNHLKDKILGCDWYFVPTDEGWTND VAMP1_Rat (Q63666) SEQ ID NO: 9 MSAPAQPPAEGTEGAAPGGGPPGPPPNTTSNRRLQQTQAQVEEVVDIMRVNV DKVLERDQKLSELDDRADALQAGASVFESSAAKLKRKYWWKNCKMMIML GAICAIIVVVIVIYIFT VAMP1_human (P23763) SEQ ID NO: 10 MSAPAQPPAEGTEGTAPGGGPPGPPPNMTSNRRLQQTQAQVEEVVDIIRVNV DKVLERDQKLSELDDRADALQAGASQFESSAAKLKRKYWWKNCKMMIML GAICAIIVVVIVIYFFT VAMP2_Rat (P63045) SEQ ID NO: 11 MSATAATVPPAAPAGEGGPPAPPPNLTSNRRLQQTQAQVDEVVDIMRVNVD KVLERDQKLSELDDRADALQAGASQFETSAAKLKRKYWWKNLKMMIILGVI CAIILIIIIVYFST VAMP2_human (P63027) SEQ ID NO: 12 MSATAATAPPAAPAGEGGPPAPPPNLTSNRRLQQTQAQVDEVVDIMRVNVD KVLERDQKLSELDDRADALQAGASQFETSAAKLKRKYWWKNLKMMIILGVI CAIILIIIIVYFST VAMP3_Rat (P63025) SEQ ID NO: 13 MSTGVPSGSSAATGSNRRLQQTQNQVDEVVDIMRVNVDKVLERDQKLSELD DRADALQAGASQFETSAAKLKRKYWWKNCKMWAIGISVLVIIVIIIIVWCVS VAMP3_human (Q15836) SEQ ID NO: 14 MSTGPTAATGSNRRLQQTQNQVDEVVDIMRVNVDKVLERDQKLSELDDRA DALQAGASQFETSAAKLKRKYWWKNCKMWAIGITVLVIFIIIIIVWVVSS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 15 KLSELDDRADALQ VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 16 QKLSELDDRADALQ VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 17 KLSELDDRAD VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 18 KLSELDDRADALQAGAS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 19 LSELDDRADALQ VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 20 LSELDDRADA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 21 LSELDDRADALQAGAS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 22 PETSAAKLKRKYW VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 23 PESSAAKLKRKYW VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 24 QFETSAAKLKRKYW VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 25 PETSAAKLKR VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 26 FETSAAKLKRKYWWKN VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 27 AKLKRKYWWKN VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 28 AAKLKRKYWWKN VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 29 AKLKRKYWWKNCKM VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 30 AKLKRKYWWKNLKM VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 31 DQKLSELDDRADALQ VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 32 ERDQKLSELDDRA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 33 LERDQKLSELDDRA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 34 VLERDQKLSELDDRA LHND SEQ ID NO: 35 MGSMTWPVKDFNYSDPVNDNDILYLRIPQNKLITTPVKAFMITQNIWVIPERF SSDTNPSLSKPPRPTSKYQSYYDPSYLSTDEQKDTFLKGIIKLFKRINERDIGKK LINYLVVGSPFMGDSSTPEDTFDFTRHTTNIAVEKBENGSWKVTNIITPSVLIFG PLPNILDYTASLTLQGQQSNPSFEGFGTLSILKVAPEFLLTFSDVTSNQSSAVLG KSIFCMDPVIALMHELTHSLHQLYGINIPSDKRIRPQVSEGFFSQDGPNVQBEE LYTFGGLDVEIIPQIERSQLREKALGHYKDIAKRLNNINKTIPSSWISNIDKYKK IFSEKYNFDKDNTGNFVVNIDKFNSLYSDLTNVMSEVVYSSQYNVKNRTHYF SRHYLPVFANILDDNIYTIRDGFNLTNKGFNIENSGQNIERNPALQKLSSESVV DLFTKVCVDKSEEKLYDDDDKDRWGSSLQCIKVKNNRLPYVADKDSISQEIF ENKIITDETNVQNYSDKFSLDESILDGQVPINPEIVDPLLPNVNMEPLNLPGEEI VFYDDITKYVDYLNSYYYLESQKLSNNVENITLTTSVEEALGYSNKIYTFLPS LAEKVNKGVQAGLFLNWANEVVEDFTTNIMKKDTLDKISDVSVIIPYIGPALN IGNSALRGNFNQAFATAGVAFLLEGFPEFTIPALGVFTFYSSIQEREKIIKTIENC LEQRVKRWKDSYQWMVSNWLSRITTQFNHINYQMYDSLSYQADAIKAKIDL EYKKYSGSDKENIKSQVENLKNSLDVKISEAMNNINKFIRECSVTYLFKNMLP KVIDELNKFDLRTKTELINLIDSHNIILVGEVDRLKAKVNESFENTMPFNIFSYT NNSLLKDIINEYFNLEAHHHHHHHHHH MBP-LF SEQ ID NO: 36 MKIEEGKLVIWINGDKGYNGLAEVGKKFEKDTGIKVTVEHPDKLEEKFPQVA ATGDGPDIIFWAHDRFGGYAQSGLLAEITPDKAFQDKLYPFTWDAVRYNGKL IAYPIAVEALSLIYNKDLLPNPPKTWEEIPALDKELKAKGKSALMFNLQEPYFT WPLIAADGGYAFKYENGKYDIKDVGVDNAGAKAGLTFLVDLIKNKHMNAD TDYSIAEAAFNKGETAMTINGPWAWSNIDTSKVNYGVTVLPTFKGQPSKPFV GVLSAGINAASPNKELAKEFLENYLLTDEGLEAVNKDKPLGAVALKSYEEEL AKDPRIAATMENAQKGEIMPNIPQMSAFWYAVRTAVINAASGRQTVDEALK DAQTNSSSNNNNNNNNNNLGIEGRISEFGSMPVAINSFNYNDPVNDDTILYM QIPYEEKSKKYYKAFEIMRNVWIIPERNTIGTNPSDFDPPASLKNGSSAYYDPN YLTTDAEKDRYLKTTIKLFKRINSNPAGKVLLQEISYAKPYLGNDHTPIDEFSP VTRTTSVNIKLSTNVESSMLLNLLVLGAGPDIFESCCYPVRKLIDPDVVYDPSN YGFGSINIVTFSPEYEYTFNDISGGHNSSTESFIADPAISLAHELIHALHGLYGA RGVTYEETIEVKQAPLMIAEKPIRLEEFLTFGGQDLNIITSAMKEKIYNNLLAN YEKIATRLSEVNSAPPEYDINEYKDYFQWKYGLDKNADGSYTVNENKFNEIY KKLYSFTESDLANKFKVKCRNTYFIKYEFLKVPNLLDDDIYTVSEGFNIGNLA VNNRGQSIKLNPKIIDSIPDKGLVEKIVKFAVDKLAAALEHHHHHH (recombinant VAMP2-GFP) SEQ ID NO: 37 GPLGSSATAATAPPAAPAGEGGPPAPPPNLTSNRRLQQTQAQVDEVVDIMRV NVDKVLERDQKLSELDDRADALQAGASQFETSAAKLKRKYVVWKNLKLEN VSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGK LPVPWPTLVTTLTYGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDD GNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYIMA DKQKNGIKVNFKIRHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSA LSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITLGMDELYK recombinant BoNT/FA SEQ ID NO: 38 MPVVINSFNYDDPVNDNTIIYIRPPYYETSNTYFKAFQIMDNVWIIPERYRLGI DPSLFNPPVSLKAGSDGYFDPNYLSTNTEKNKYLQIMIKLFKRINSKPAGQILL EEIKNAIPYLGNSYTQEEQFTTNNRTVSFNVKLANGNIVQQMANLIIWGPGPD LTTNKTGGIIYSPYQSMEATPYKDGFGSIMTVEFSPEYATAFNDISIASHSPSLF IKDPALILMHELIHVLHGLYGTYITEYKITPNVVQSYMKVTKPITSAEFLTFGG RDRNIVPQSIQSQLYNKVLSDYKRIASRLNKVNTATALINIDEFKNLYEWKYQ FAKDSNGVYSVDLNKFEQLYKKIYSFTEFNLAYEFKIKTRLGYLAENFGPFYL PNLLDDSIYTEVDGFNIGALSINYQGQNIGSDINSIKKLQGQGVVSRVVRLCKS VIPRKGTKAPPRLCITVNNRDLFFIASQESYGENTINTYKEIDDTTTLDPSFEDI LDKVILNFNEQVIPQMPNRNVSTDIQKDNYIPKYDYNRTDIIDSYEVGRNYNT FFYLNAQKFSPNESNITLTSSFDTGLLEGSKVYTFFSSDFINNINKPVQALLFIE WVKQVIRDFTTEATKTSTVDKLKDISLVVPYIGLALNIGDEIYKQHFAEAVEL VGAGLLLEFSPEFLIPTLLIFTIKGYLTGSIRDKDKIIKTLDNALNVRDQKWKEL YRWVVSKWLTTINTQFNKRKEQMYKALKNQATAIKKIIENKYNNYTTDEKS KIDSSYNINEIERTLNEKINLAMKNIEQFITESSIAYLINIINNETIQKLKSYDDLV RRYLLGYIRNHSSILGNSVEELNSKVNNHLDNGIPFELSSYTNDSLLIRYFNKN YGELKYNCILNIKYEMDRDKLVDSSGYRSRINIGTGVKFSEIDKNQVQLSNLE SSKIEVILNNGVIYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFRNINNEYKIISCMQNNSGWEV SLNFSNMNSKIIWTLQDTEGIKKTVVFQYTQNINISDYINRWIFVTITNNRLSNS KIYINGRLINEESISDLGNIHASNNIMFKLDGCRDPHRYIWIKYFNLFDKELNK KEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYDPNKYLDVNNVGIRG YMYLKGPRGRIVTTNIYLNSTLYMGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRVYINV VVKNKEYRLATNAS QAGVEKILSAVEIPDVGNLSQVVVMKSENDQGIRNKC KMNLQDNNGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAKLVASNWYNRQIGKASRTFGCSWEFIPV DDGWGESSLHHHHHHHHHH Pep1 SEQ ID NO: 39 SNRRLQQTQAQVDEC Pep3 SEQ ID NO: 40 CLQAGASQ BoNT/X Genbank Accession Number BAQ12790 (Clostridium botulinum) SEQ ID NO: 41 MKLEINKFNYNDPIDGINVITMRPPRHSDKINKGKGPFKAFQVIKNIWIVPERY NFTNNTNDLNIPSEPIMEADAIYNPNYLNTPSEKDEFLQGVIKVLERIKSKPEG EKLLELISSSIPLPLVSNGALTLSDNETIAYQENNNIVSNLQANLVIYGPGPDIA NNATYGLYSTPISNGEGTLSEVSFSPFYLKPFDESYGNYRSLVNIVNKFVKREF APDPASTLMHELVHVTHNLYGISNRNFYYNFDTGKIETSRQQNSLIFEELLTF GGIDSKAISSLIIKKIIETAKNNYTTLISERLNTVTVENDLLKYIKNKIPVQGRLG NFKLDTAEBEKKLNTILFVLNESNLAQRFSILVRKHYLKERPIDPIYVNILDDN SYSTLEGFNISSQGSNDFQGQLLESSYPEKIESNALRAFIKICPRNGLLYNAIYR NSKNYLNNIDLEDKKTTSKTNVSYPCSLLNGCIEVENKDLFLISNKDSLNDINL SEEKIKPETTVFFKDKLPPQDITLSNYDFTEANSIPSISQQNILERNEELYEPIRN SLFEIKTIYVDKLTTFHFLEAQNIDESIDSSKIRVELTDSVDEALSNPNKVYSPF KNMSNTINSIETGITSTYIFYQWLRSIVKDFSDETGKIDVIDKSSDTLAIVPYIGP LLNIGNDIRHGDFVGAIELAGITALLEYVPEFTIPILVGLEVIGGELAREQVEAI VNNALDKRDQKWAEVYNITKAQWWGTIHLQINTRLAHTYKALSRQANAIK MNMEFQLANYKGNIDDKAKIKNAISETEILLNKSVEQAMKNTEKFMIKLSNS YLTKEMIPKVQDNLKNFDLETKKTLDKFIKEKEDILGTNLSSSLRRKVSIRLNK NIAFDINDIPFSEFDDLINQYKNEIEDYEVLNLGAEDGKIKDLSGTTSDINIGSDI ELADGRENKAIKIKGSENSTIKIAMNKYLRFSATDNFSISFWIKHPKPTNLLNN GIEYTLVENFNQRGWKISIQDSKLIWYLRDHNNSIKIVTPDYIAFNGWNLITIT NNRSKGSIVYVNGSKIEEKDISSIWNTEVDDPIIFRLKNNRDTQAFTLLDQFSIY RKELNQNEVVKLYNYYFNSNYIRDIWGNPLQYNKKYYLQTQDKPGKGLIRE YWSSFGYDYVILSDSKTITFPNNIRYGALYNGSKVLIKNSKKLDGLVRNKDFI QLEIDGYNMGISADRFNEDTNYIGTTYGTTHDLTTDFEIIQRQEKYRNYCQLK TPYNIFHKSGLMSTETSKPTFHDYRDWVYSSAWYFQNYENLNLRKHTKTNW YFIPKDEGWDED VAMP4_Rat (D4A560) SEQ ID NO: 42 MPPKFKRHLNDDDVTGSVKSERRNLLEDDSDEEEDFFLRGPSGPRFGPRNDKI KHVQNQVDEVIDVMQENITKVIERGERLDELQDKSESLSDNATAFSNRSKQLR RQMWWRGCKIKAIMALAAAILLLMIITQIILHLKK VAMP4_human (O75379) SEQ ID NO: 43 MPPKFKRHLNDDDVTGSVKSERRNLLEDDSDEEEDFFLRGPSGPRFGPRNDKI KHVQNQVDEVIDVMQENITKVIERGERLDELQDKSESLSDNATAFSNRSKQLR RQMWWRGCKIKAIMALVAAILLLVIIILIVMKYRT VAMP5_Rat (Q9Z2J5) SEQ ID NO: 44 MAGKELERCQRQADQVTEIMLNNFDKVLERDGKLSELQQRSDQLLDMSSAFS KTTKTLAQQKRWENIRCRVYLGLAVAGGLLLILVVLLVIFLPSGEDSSKP VAMP5_human (O95183) SEQ ID NO: 45 MAGIELERCQQQANEVTEIMRNNFGKVLERGVKLAELQQRSDQLLDMSSTFN KTTQNLAQKKCWENIRYRICVGLVVVGVLLIILIVLLVVFLPQSSDSSSAPRTQ DAGIASGPGN YKT6_Rat (Q5EGY4) SEQ ID NO: 46 MKLYSLSVFYKGEPKAVLLKAAYDVSSFSFFQRSSVQEFMTFTSQLIVERSAK GSRASVKEQEYLCHVYVRSDSLAGVVIADSEYPSRVAFTLLEKVLDEFSKQVD RIDWPVGSPATIHYTALDGHLSRYQNPREADPMSKVQAELDETKIILHNTMES LLERGEKLDDLVSKSEVLGTQSKAFYKTARKQNSCCAIM YKT6_human (O15498) SEQ ID NO: 47 MKLYSLSVLYKGEAKVVLLKAAYDVSSFSFFQRSSVQEFMTFTSQLIVERSSK GTRASVKEQDYLCHVYVRNDSLAGVVIADNEYPSRVAFTLLEKVLDEFSKQV DRIDWPVGSPATIHYPALDGHLSRYQNPREADPMTKVQAELDETKIILHNTME SLLERGEKLDDLVSKSEVLGTQSKAFYKTARKQNSCCAIM VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 48 ETSAAKLKRKYWWK VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 49 FETSAAKLKRKYWWK VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 50 QFESSAAKLKRKYW VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 51 FESSAAKLKR VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 52 FESSAAKLKRKYWWK VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 53 ADALQAGASQF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 54 ADALQAGASQ VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 55 RADALQAGASQF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 56 ADALQAGASQFE VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 57 ADALQAGASVF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 58 ADALQAGASV VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 59 ADALQAGASVFE VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 60 RADALQAGASVF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 61 RADALQAGAS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 62 SESLSDNATAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 63 SESLSDNATA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 64 KSESLSDNATAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 65 SESLSDNATAFS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 66 SDQLLDMSSTF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 67 SDQLLDMSST VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 68 RSDQLLDMSSTF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 69 SDQLLDMSSTFN VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 70 SDQLLDMSSAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 71 SDQLLDMSSA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 72 RSDQLLDMSSAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 73 SDQLLDMSSAFS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 74 RSDQLLDMSS VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 75 SEVLGTQSKAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 76 SEVLGTQSKA VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 77 KSEVLGTQSKAF VAMP epitope SEQ ID NO: 78 SEVLGTQSKAFY 

1. The method of claim 15, wherein the antibody is capable of binding an antigenic polypeptide that: i) consists of 10 to 65 amino acid residues; and ii) comprises an epitope comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to a sequence comprising at least 8 amino acid residues that is immediately C-terminal to a clostridial neurotoxin cleavage site in the VAMP.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antigenic polypeptide consists of 10 to 17 amino acid residues.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the VAMP is VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, or YKT6.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitope comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 15-34 and 48-78.
 5. (canceled)
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitope comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 62, 66, and
 75. 7-14. (canceled)
 15. A method for determining cleavage in a cell of a VAMP into C-terminal and N-terminal cleavage products by a VAMP-cleaving clostridial neurotoxin, the method comprising: a) contacting the cell with the clostridial neurotoxin under conditions suitable for clostridial neurotoxin activity; b) contacting the cytoplasmic content of the cell in vitro or ex vivo with a first antibody that binds to the C-terminal VAMP cleavage product under suitable binding conditions; and c) detecting the binding of the first antibody to the C-terminal VAMP-cleavage product.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: d) quantifying the amount of the C-terminal cleavage product bound to the first antibody. 17-18. (canceled)
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein step b) further comprises contacting the cytoplasmic content of the cell with a second antibody that binds to the full-length VAMP under suitable binding conditions and step c) further comprises detecting the binding of the second antibody to the full-length VAMP.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: d) quantifying the amount of the C-terminal cleavage product bound to the first antibody and the amount of the full-length VAMP bound to the second antibody.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the second antibody is not capable of binding to the C-terminal cleavage product.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the second antibody binds to the N-terminal VAMP cleavage product.
 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the first antibody also binds to full-length VAMP and the method further comprises: d) quantifying the amount of the C-terminal cleavage product bound to the first antibody and the amount of full-length VAMP bound to the first antibody.
 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.
 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is a neuronal cell.
 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell expresses high levels of synaptotagmin I, synaptotagmin II, and/or synaptic vesicle protein.
 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is contacted with the clostridial neurotoxin at about 37° C. for a period of from about 1 hour to about 48 hours.
 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the cytoplasmic content of the cell is incubated with the first antibody at about 4° C. for a period of from about 8 hours to about 48 hours or at about 25° C. for a period of from about 30 minutes to about 8 hours.
 29. The method or claim 15, wherein the detection is by Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
 30. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is lysed or permeabilized before the cystoplasmic content thereof is contacted with the first antibody.
 31. The method of claim 15, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin is BoNT/X. 